Zoe?a biological journal.

PUBLISHED’ QUARTERLY.

Vou TL JANUARY, 1803. —

- Contributions to Western Botany: Marcus E. Jones

ALICE EASTWOOD,

EDITOR.

VOLUME Ill.

18092

Caw BPRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA:

CONTENTS.

Forms of Trees as Determined by Climatic Influences: GusTav EISEN
Catalogue of Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca of Lower California:
J. G. COOPER
Mariposa County as a Botanical District, II: J. W. CoNGDON.............
Notes on Liliacez, II: CARL Pb DV iciics svc. eG AL OAs as eines
Note on Helix yatesii Cooper: HENRY HEMPHILL.. rica
Notes on the Cicindelidee Observed in San Diewo- Connty:
F. E. BLAISDELL
“Additions to the Catalogue of San Francisco Plants:
KATHERINE BRANDEGEE
Note. on a Californian Loligo: HENRY HEMPHILL.......eseseeeeseeeseeeeserens
A New Astragalus: SERENO WATSON......ssssesseeeeeestseeecseceesereresteenanes
The Loco Weeds: ALICE EASTWOOD.......c-sseesceseeeeee teeereenenenaeeeeeeenes
Sereno WatSOn...ccscccccscosccscescee coe ce teeerconenae eeestesseawesessereaeeecaepeeeses
Connecting Forms among Polyporoid Fungi: LuciEN M. UNDERWOOD
Geese Which Occur in California: L. BELDING . Me Soh
Notes on the Tenebrionidze Observed in San Piers Cokes
F. E. BLAISDELL
A Rocky Mountain Botanical Tramp: F. D. ICRLSEY. issues: eieienece eae
Insects Infecting Yucca Blooms: C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND.......+:+1000++
Bird Notes from Alameda County: F. O. JOHNSON..... ....-.-+seeseeereeees
Zonotrichia albicollis in California: L. BELDING. ....--046 seeeeee cer oseeeees
Notes on Sciurus fossor Peale: F. STEPHENS... :
Some of the Methods and Implements by Which the Pacific: Count hac
dians Obtain Game: L. BELDING.. eee
Mariposa County as a Botanical District, Il: 3 Ww. oigione: here
Discovery of a New Grove of Sequoia gigantea: WILLIAM W. PRICE
Tuba: EDWARD PALMER....scsscsecscece scereeessescnstssceees sedenescnsuesseeneaceans
A Check List of the Water Birds of California: Wiivek E. BRYANT...
‘Additions to the Birds of the Gray’s Harbor Region, Washington:

Sam HvuBBARD, JR. ©

On the Natural History of the Farallon Islands: J. W. BLANKINSHIP

and CHARLES A. KEELER ......ccseseeecnnveneercsees seeeeecesaseeresasee ses

The Nomenclature of Plants: KATHERINE BRANDEGEE............ eased

A Note on Nomenclature: ALPHONSE DE CANDOLLE.......::000005 seseeeees
Balanoglossus as one of the Generalized Types in Zoology:

WiuuiaM E. RITTER

Relics from an Indian Burying Ground: L. BELDING......... seeseeeesseeeee

iv Contents. [ ZOE

PAGE.
Recent Additions to the North American Land Mammal Fauna:
WALTER E. BRYANT 201

Distribution of the Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California:
TS. BRANDEGEE 223

Food of the Grouse and Mountain Quail of Central California.
L. BELDING 232

On a Leaf-Miner of Populus Fremonti: C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND..... .. 234
Notes on the Butterflies of Yosemite Valley: Epwin C. VAN DYKE 237°
A New Rumfordia from Lower California: T. S. BRANDEGEE......... ... ~ 241
sew Epilobim: T. S. BRANVEGEE .coisisec chsoeonsccccccias reese 242
Habits and Nesting of Palmer’s Thrasher: HERBERT BROWN.........6... 243
Notes on some Species of the Genus CEnothera: ALICE EASTWOOD... 248
Notes on Some Californian Cistelide F. E. DE BIGDBUA 50s 00ckis iden, 252
Letter from M. ALPHONSE De CANDOLLE........... cere. GS
Two Mexican Species of Ceroplastes: C. H. Tein Powinenn. ei ray 255
A Supposed New Feather Structure: CHARLES A. KEELER................ 257 -
On Numenius borealis in California: L. BELDING. *...1.015 idssantas tg ee
Nomenclature of Plants: KATHERINE BRANDEGEE.-.0.--seecceeee-5 cosee -. ‘258
Sorrection to Additions to True’s List: sdscloseiscdant ococsecc cidade 261
insects of Catalina Island: F. A. SEAVEY...<06-66655 6565660555. iscsi 262
List of Members of California Zoological Club........0..cccccecseseceseeceeee se. 277
WN SN eerie cu wisreesvsitsiibine itis Go tes a enna a 280
Contributions to Western Botany: Marcus E. JoNnEs : : i 283

The Occurrence of the Puma in Southern New Mexico:
C. H. TyLErR TowNsEND 309

Notes on Fertilization: ALice J. MERRITT ; ; ‘ 311
Biological Notes on Phainopepla nitens: F. E. Praises : : 312
Mariposa County as a Botanical District, IV: J. W. Concpon. : 314
Otters: SAM HusparD, Jr. i : ; 325
The Effect of Climate upon Pacific Geass Birds: i Bei ares : 331
A New Jumping Spider: Joun L. Curtis . i , ; 332
Histeridze Observed in San Diego County: F. E B: Baispeii, : ; 337
Nomenclature: J. W. Concpon . : : ; 339
Some Notes on Azolla: DouGLas Hovcaron CAMPBELL ; i 340
Concerning the Flora of Sonora: T. S. BRANDEGEE : : ‘ 344
Mamillaria Notesteinii: F. N. NotESTEIN . ‘ 349
Animals of Some West Coast Shells: HENRY HeMPHILe Rt ee
Notes on Californian Plants, IV: S. B. PaRIsH , . ; 352
A Trip through Southeastern Utah: ALick Eastwoop . ‘ 4a
General Bird Notes : : : : j : ‘ ‘ ; ‘ 361
re ESET LEST SO TP TSTeE ae iE WEL chgacosowvidanepevigniiaetcuian MY

VOL. 111.] Contents. Vv

REVIEWS.

Wallace: Human Progress, Pastand Future, 59. Chapman: Preliminary
Study of the Grackles of Subgenus Quiscalus, 63. Allen: North American
Species of Genus Colaptes, 65. Merriam: Geographic Distribution of Life
in North America, 66. Cheney: Wood Notes Wild, 67. American Nat-
uralist: 67, 364. Ibis: 68. Schétt: Kalifornischer Collembola, 68. Kuntze
Revisio Generum Plantarum, 69. Vasey: Monograph of the Grasses, 73.
Graf zu Solms-Laubach: Fossil Botany, 75. Newell: Outlines of Les.ons in
Botany,78. Holzinger: Identity of Asclepias Stenophylla and acerates auricu-
fata,79. Romanes: Darwin and after Darwin, 174. Osborn: Contemporary
Evolution of Man, 177. Difficulties in the Heredity Theory, 178. Re-
visio des Calanides d’eau douce, 179. Palmer: New Generic Name for
Bering Sea Fur Seal, 179. Merriam: New Prairie Dog, 179. Auk: 63, 179
270,364, Ridgway: Humming Birds,180. Thomson: Outlines of Zoology,
181. Journal of Morphology, 182. Psyche: 184. Seeley: Nature of the
Shoulder Girdle and Clavicular Arch in Sauropterygia, 184. Nathorst:
Occurrence of Fossil Glacial Plants, 264. Krasser: Rhetic Flora of Persia,
265. Engelhardt: Cretaceous Plants from Saxony, 266. Bartholin:
Jurassic Plants from Denmark, 266, Third Annual Report of the Missouri
Botanic Garden, 267. Ellis & Everhart: North Am2rican Pyrenomycetes,
268. Contributions from the U. S. Herbarium, 268, 370. Bendire: Life
Histories of N. A. Birds, 270. Rice: Scientific Memoirs of the M:dical
Officers of the Army of India, 271. Merriam: Occurrence of Cooper’s
Lemming Mouse, 364. Beddard: Gordiodrilus, 265. Expedition a la
gruta de Cacahuamilpa, 365. Evermann: A New Sucker, 366. Brendel
Flora Peoriana, 366. Davis: Development of the Frond of Champia par-
vula, 366. Brandegee: Additions to the Flora of the Cape Region of Baja
California, 366. Erythzea,366. Contributions from the Botanical Labora-
tory of the University of Pennsylvania, 369. Meehan: Contributions to the
Life Histories of Plants, 369. Davidson: List of Plants of Los Angeles
County, 370. Suksdorf: Flora Washingtonensis, 370. Smith: Check
List of the Plants of Kansas, 371.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

California Academy of Sciences........... MauRuesy oh curbs oe CaaneECa NS 79, 185, 272, 371

ealiornid HOtANICAL CUD: sccycccss abe cissstnocscsnes wetessctstgrteesy 81, 185, 274, 373

California Zoological ClID...........:ccessseceseresrerestereenenes eee: 84, 186, 275, 373
CONTRIBUTORS.

jo} (et) sy gpl Deiat area eee gen Sree eabiaany 96, 117, 120, 200, 232, 257, 331

PE Beis hac cincikahe bs chi cna panicu ed cuonpnabenn~ pens Gases 47, 102; 252, 312, 337

Blankinship, J. W..........ccccssescccosnseeecenanseneas sossesceseseesserescessssncsseseeeees 144

Brandegee, Katharine..............-cccssccsssssesseseereserceees Tekin 49, 166, 258

‘
vi- : Contents. =i. {eee

= Soaadks, T. ee SE NR sssedevhevonesectsee lesesvscunsasseeee nee 223, 241, baa 344

AS MAO, FIBER is ccscssyisi es ccosost ica heeds Re ogc ARI NE HEISE LE Sa. TD

_ Bryant, Walter E...... Wettebecdvaevanexs essen’ pusspetes bined ari Gey nian nies 135, 201

Campbell, Douglas H............. sess Siscdades Soaks Pentnie When tncgosasnweydaeeae 340
Congdon, fs Weir wick SicsGuicssenistdelseivaas eceve ede 11:25, 125, 314, 339
NGO FONG isc tst acd ee ue saceshtstpcsdieeemaie Goh kaie ata 12,
Curtis, Jorn Tce hie oon assoc cee See ae 332
De Candolle, Alphonse. iscsi ce ela o eeee 173, 253
Eastwood, Alice... cscs .ccccssssoscscesescvcsssscseecasigsts st re “5% 748, 354 Bee
Eisen: Gustav. chock i ales er eee ne ikea these ae -
Hemphill, Henty.is..00:./.)..2.jec0c aaa pe BY 350.
Flabbard) Say, Jr. iciccece liens Seayeecaciv ie sc00s4- vows sale k paste eee re 140, 325
‘Jonnson; FO. ates SA a heer Ge TA bets et Saws 115
JOURS, MACOS Foci iii aaieiisin tes Vibe rose Lc iee tan iors 283.
Keeler; Charles A. ..... i090... Ni ari ee 151, 257
WONG, PE wives sesbaveresss vet icvsen tget ssasethepeeeiaeceees PiAipie ee Seer te, op 108
PMOTE NE PATIOS Fon oescse ioe Vevaso es sescssardsvegeceesictect scoveele teiy oie: aaa rr 3I1
POCONO TNS ie ses cnc ilaveuiesseseh cusbesensvacvaretl gute best tbs tcaee ae 349
IS WITLI Sic sla, say wanversandins Pivedenal Ooh eens vevetun tes Net Oeeeuaees 133
MN ADs RD cans | paced rods sceslalsubiuds ac vost Subas (Grist Gee wind iveies pute ea 352
aig We ih: Mi Pe TPR TLE DMs GAR CONE COM sUnE Mears peeME ener Dn Give tT. 132
Purdy, Carl: .....<2:.. ites ee eu subvaescl Cab ccuscuusatsies ses t i ges torsos eta eee reeeee 43
Petter, VWHAIT Payee ae aes ae tee ee ce 187
PEAVEY Po Pel ihicicee, eevee iyi) ciidte te Pete eat keen nee fe 262
SMR Bors he cuk sc ric uses d cach sekebubde cfs fis esses oe tas cue LES
cownsend, : HecPyler. 20.06 jie. ees Sos yare reste caves 113, 234, 255, 309
Underwood, Lucien M................ SUUIL Wis cei newcnt boss ba craedu ctucde pL oeery er, Ore gI
Male DyRe MOWHEG..o00 0... ian ee 237

Watson, Sereno

LIST OF ‘PLATES.

XVIII. California Guillemot.
XIX. Farallon Cormorant.
XX. Pigeon Guillemot. :
XXI. Farallon Cormorant, Baird’s Cormorant, Tufted Puffin,
Pigeon Guillemot, Cassin’s Auklet. - a
XXII. Balanoglossus.
XXIII. Rumfordia connata.
XXIV. Epilobium nivium.

: Page

Errata Vol. III.

52, for ‘‘Ammostrephes”’ read ‘‘Ommastrephes.”

203. first genus, place second bracket after Richardson.

204, No. 11, for “Dona Ana County, New Mexico,” substitute ‘‘Texas ”’

206, third line, for ‘‘James’s Bay, Hudson’s Bay,’’ read “James Bay,
Hudson Bay.’’ :

206, No. 12, for ‘“‘macrohabdotes,”’ read ‘‘macrorhabdotes.”’

206, No. 15, for ‘Valley of the Sacramento River,” read “Foothills
of the Sierra Nevada.”

208, No. 28, omit ‘‘Northwestern New Mexico.’’

213, No. 82, for ‘‘nebracensis,’’ read ‘‘nebrascensis.”’

220, No. 165, for ‘‘Sorrex,’’ read ‘‘Sorex.’’

223, eighteenth line, for ‘“‘Dobson, Mon. Insectivora,’? etc., read ‘‘Dob-
son, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 5th ser., xviii, 1886, 124-125.”’

261, seventh line from bottom, for ‘‘Am. Rept.” read ‘Ann. Rept.”

261, second line from bottom, for ‘‘Forsteri,” read ‘‘fosteri.”

279, fifth line, for “‘Berkeley,’’ read ‘‘Los Angeles.”

279, twenty-fifth line, for ‘‘William M. Price,” read ‘William W. Price.”
117, in title, for “‘albicolis,” read ‘‘albicollis.”’ .

BATS

ee BOUL eCGcIie AL FO RVAL

Vor. III. JANUARY, 1893. No. 4.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO WESTERN BOTANY. No. 3,
BY MARCUS E. JONES.

CAULANTHUS CRASSICAULIS ‘Watson, is perennial. The four
stamens are declined and close pressed to the lower petals, and the
two others are as tightly pressed to the upper petals, after the fashion
of the Labiate stamens. This grows in loose soil in alkaline valleys
as well as in better-drained localities with little alkali. It blooms
mostly in the month of May, and is common in Western Utah as
well as in Nevada.

STANLEYA VIRIDIFLORA Nutt. The very imperfect description
of the type in Coulter’s Manual, King’s Report, and the better one
in the Flora of North America, Torrey and Gray, make it uncertain
whether this plant is a new species or not. The salient points of the
type are the simple stem, erect and glabrous, leaves cuneate-obovate
(“obovate or lanceolate,” Watson in King’s Rep.), entire or few
toothed at base of stem, upper ones rapidly reduced so that the up-
per stem is nearly naked, entire (‘‘lanceolate, sessile, clasping,” Wat-
son |. c.); raceme long and crowded with flowers, which are greenish
yellow, with linear sepals and petals, anthers very long and linear,
pedicels % inch long, stipe an inch (‘‘ % inch,’’ Watson I. c.); long
and narrow torulose pod. Said by Nuttall to grow on shelving hills,
and apparently by Watson in valleys.

‘My plants, of which I have a large suite gathered at different ,

places, and which I carefully studied as they grew, are short-lived
perennials (3 years old at least), with stems all ridged and more or
less winged throughout, the wings sometimes about a line high;
leaves lanceolate, barely acute and entire, but with two rounded
lobes at the truncate base, root leaves pseudo-petioled and wing
_ margined, as also the lower stem leaves, 6 to 12 inches long and 34
inch wide, thick, leathery, and light green, smelling like cabbage,

i

284 Contributions to Western Botany. ‘ [zor

stem leaves rapidly reduced upwards, sessile, apparently (but not)
clasping, uppermost ovate to sagittate, or hastate, acuminate, the
rounded or almost acute lobes 3 to 4 lines long, petioles of root leaves
grooved; spikes sessile and in the fully developed plants many
branched; the central branch long, 1 to 2 feet, densely flowered;
sepals in the bud greenish yellow, after anthesis purple (usually) and —
reflexed, linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, concave, almost hooded; blade
of petals crumpled crosswise, edges jagged, linear, % line wide, yel-_
lowish green, inconspicuous, 4 to 6 lines long, and thin, claw thick, .
fleshy, triangular subulate, 6 lines long and a line wide at the sac.
cate base, glabrous, whole petal just equaling the filiform filament,
which is round, glabrous, and scarcely enlarged at base, anther
loosely coiled 2% lines long, obtuse, narrowly linear, fixed by the
very base and one-sided; pedicels in flower 2 lines long ascending
and in fruit 4 lines long and horizontal; pods drooping, 2 to 3 inches
long, stipe 8 to 10 lines long, septum less than % line wide. - It grows
among pinons and cedars on gravelly southern slopes of hills at
6,500 to 7,000 feet altitude in the Schell Creek and Sprucemont
Ranges, Nevada, and flowers about July 15 to August 15. The.
greenish yellow sepals are rather conspicuous. Itisnot very common
It differs from the type so far as the descriptions go in the winged
stems, branching habit, crumpled petals, auricled or hastate upper
leaves, and longer pendent pods. But it may be that these charac-
ters were overlooked in the type. Should this plant prove to be dis-
tinct it may bear the name of Stan/eya collina.

LEPIDIUM HETEROPHYLLUM. I propose this name for the Z.
montanum var. alpium, Watson, King’s Rep. and ZL. tutegrifolium
var. heterophyllum, Wat. Am. Nat., Ix, 268. I fail to see anything
warranting the connection of this shrubby based, cliff-growing, de- »
cumbent, high altitude plant with Z. montanum or the alkali-loving
L. integrifolium of the valleys. It reaches an altitude of nearly
9,000 feet in the Wasatch and shows no gradation into either species
either in habitat or character so far as I know.

POLYGALA ACANTHOCLADA Gray. It may be of interest to give
the characters of the flowers of this plant as they are in nature and
not in dried specimens: Green parts of calyx 3, ovate, barely acute,

1 line long, the two upper (this is as the flower appears on the plant |
with the keel uppermost) close together, lower one alone, the two

VOL. U1.] Contributions to Western Botany. 285

petal-like ones obovate-oblong, widely spreading, cucullate, barely
acute, 2 lines long, ascending, white; keel truncate, 13 lines long,
t line wide, broidly obovate, greenish; banner oblong-linear, ex-
panded at end and rhomboidal, erose and notched, greenish, tip
purple with veins running down ¥ line, 2 lines long inall. The kee}
has an oblong orifice with the lips turned back at more than a right
angle; stigma truncate or club shaped and included in the hood; pod -
oblong ovate, 2% lines long and 1% wide, deeply notched. The
plant is a shrub 1 to 3 feet high, with gray bark and stems often an
inch thick, widely and rather intricately branched and spiny. Grav-
elly hillsides in dry places. I have collected it at Lee’s Ferry on the
Colorado River near Southeast Utah, and found it common in West-
ern Utah and Eastern Nevada.

VioLa Beckwitut Torr. The description of this plant in King’s
Rep. is inaccurate, but the figure, etc., in Beckwith’s Rep. are bet-
ter. The following are the characters of our plant as it grows here;
it is locally abundant. Stigma cuneate and truncate, glabrous, petals
also glabrous, 2 upper ones dark purple, the rest white with a yellow
claw and purpte veined, lower petals broad, truncate or emarginate,
flowers rather large; sepals linear oblong, spur not over a line long;
pubescence minute and dense; leaves 3-divided, divisions petiolulate,
lateral ones 3 to 6 lines long, terminal ones 6 to 12 lines long, lobed
or cleft into many linear or oblong segments.

LUPINUS SULPHUREUS Douglas. This little known plant I dis-
covered growing abundantly in Eastern Nevada, and I think it is
quite probable that it will be found to be nearer L. sericeus than has
been supposed. My notes on the flowers were taken as they grew.
When the flowers are just opening they are white with a yellow streak
in the middle of the banner, which is also flecked with 4 or 5 small
purple spots; the whole flower soon turns yellow, the middle of the
banner deeply so. The calyx is long-spurred, spur and all but the
tip of the upper part of the calyx white and streaked with blue, the
lower part of the calyx and tips green. It grows I to 2 feet high, in
clumps from a hard woody root, on gravelly slopes, flowering in
June. I have a very few specimens with a suspicion of blue on the

banner. ,
_ PSORALEA CASTOREA Watson. As I suggested in a previous
_ note (No. 2) this includes P. mephitica Watson. A careful compari-

286 Contributions to Western Botany. [zor

son of my many specimens from Southern and also Eastern Utah and
Colorado shows that the distinctions relied upon by Watson to sep-
arate the two species are valueless, while the ‘‘ mephitic” odor was
doubtless due to the animal rather than the vegetable kingdom.

The following characters will fit my suites of specimens. Leaves
1¥% inches long, from rhomboidal obovate to spatulate, acute, apicu-
late or retuse: stipules persistent or caducous, the larger ones 1 inch
long, ovate, obtuse, and persistent, the smaller ones % inch long,
ovate-lanceolate, abruptly contracted into a long acumination and
caducous; stems none to 4 inches long; petioles 2 to 6 inches long;
peduncles shorter than the leaves; bracts ovate, scarious, obtuse to

abruptly contracted and with a long acumination, equaling the sca- |

rious, inflated calyx and blue and white petals; calyx lobes linear to .
_ lanceolate, acute or long acuminate; spikes 1 to 3 inches long; pe-
duncles 1 to 4 inches long and stout; pods lanceolate, glabrous below
the middle and long villous above it; roots very deep and apparently
tuberous, but really woody and all connected underground; whole
plant densely pubescent, with short or long hairs, upper side of
leaves less so or glabrous. Grows in patches either in sandy places
or on rocky slopes in dry places; flowers in May.

AsTRAGALUS. Doubtless many have had much difficulty in de-
termining species in this genus from the flowers alone; at least I
have found it exasperatingly so, and, as the pods are often not
to be had when the flowers are seen, and as the flowers have been
almost ignored, I began some years ago to study the flowers with
a view to determine if they had any specific value, and with good
results; how good cannot yet be determined fully.

I find that the arching of the banner and its shape are valuable,
the shape of the sulcus in the banner, the shape of the white spot
on the banner ina general way, and the backward folding of the
sides of the banner are valuable; the shape and length, as well as
the position of the wings, are valuable. Often the wings are con-

cave to the keel or flat, horizontal, or arched upwards, connivent
over the keel or with the blade edgewise to it, and so like the out-
spread wings of insects. The shape of the keel, its arching and
tip, are also of value in separating species. I find little or no diffi-
culty in separating species by these characters in conjunction with
the leavés. Whether they are of value in making sections I doubt,

VOL. I11.] Contributions to Western Botany. 287

but they are good in making smaller divisions, where now we have
considerable difficulty. I hope Californian and Northern botanists
will report on these things with their species. It is necessary to
take the notes on flowers when they are growing, and as soon as
they are fully opened, before they have assumed a false position of
banner or wings. The following are my notes on living flowers,
with descriptions of some new species, following the order of Watson
in King’s Rep. in a general way:—

ASTRAGALUS DIPHysus Gray. Banner broadest at base, sides
slightly reflexed at the top, not at all at base; white spot broadly
cuneate and very slightly notched at top. It comes within a line of
the tip of the banner. ~The banner is ascending less than 30°, sulcus
V shaped. The calyx is cleft on the upper side, acute at base, and
the lobes are unequal, the lower the longer.

ASTRAGALUS DIPHYsus Gray var. LATUS. Like the type but the
leaflets 3 to 5 lines long, 6 to 8 pairs, ovate or obovate to oval,
obtuse to emarginate; calyx teeth shorter and broader, 1 line long,
the tube 3 lines long; pod oval, straight, abruptly acute, completely
2 celled, rather deeply sulcate both dorsally and ventrally, Whole
plant glabrous even to the pods, subdecumbent; lower stems en-
during from year to year, many stemmed from a deep, thick, woody
root, stems spreading more or less underground. The flowers are
purple from a light-colored base, 6 lines long, and the cross section
of the pod is nearly two circles, joined at the side. Schell Creek
Range, Nevada, May, on the hillsides.

AstraGALus Beckwirtut Torrey. |Flowers cream white, never
purple; banner almost erect, deeply notched, sides not at all re-
flexed, except at a point opposite the tip of the keel, where it is
turned back for a space of 2 lines long, and at a point near the tip,
and so is fiddle shaped, water lined. The sulcus in the upper part
is broadly V shaped, but in the lower part of the banner it is almost
circular, making the base of the erect part of the banner very convex
on the outside, and narrowed at its insertion into the enlarged club-
shaped lower part, and this narrows as it enters the calyx; banner
4 lines wide and 6 lines long above the calyx; wings obliquely ob- |
lanceolate, narrowed at the tip and nearly acute, 2 lines wide, nearly
straight, 3 lines longer than the keel; keel long and narrow, slightly
incurved, faintly purple veined at tip; leaflets generally emarginate;

288 Contributions to Western Botany. [zor

pods without mucilaginous matter. This is quite common from the
Wasatch Mountains to the western side of the Fish Spring Moun-
tains, in Western Utah. West of there it is replaced by the next.
It grows on gravelly hillsides. Pods purple spotted, thin and acute
at each end.

ASTRAGALUS BECKwiTHt Torrey var. PURPUREUS. This plant,
though it has all the marks of a good species, I do not feel like de-

scribing as such till one or two things can be settled about it. Ban-

ner purple, fiddle shaped, notched at top and broad at base, arched —
to nearly go° and abruptly, white spot fan shaped and _ streaked
deeply (to the base on the sides) with purple; sulcus Y% circle ex-
_ cept at the base, where it is semicircular, fusiform longitudinally ;
the purple streaks on the white spot are united at the base of the
sulcus into a purple ring; the banner is bent at a point 2 lines be-
yond the calyx teeth; wings obliquely ovate, rounded and obtuse at
the apex, white from the tip to the keel and purplish beyond, up-
wardly curved, 2 lines wide, 2 lines longer than keel; keel purple
and very dark at tip, incurved 100° to base, blunt. Whole flower
curved upwards, purple and never yellowish except when old. The
other characters are leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, inclined to be diamond
shaped, 6 lines or less long and over %4 as wide, rounded, truncate
or retuse; stems ascending, angled as well as petioles and pe-
duncles; flowers 6 to 10, at first in a head but lengthening to 1 to 2
inches; penduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx as in the type,
yellowish but with nigrescent hairs, tube 2 lines by 1%; teeth 1
line more, subulate from a broad base, almost black; calyx spread-
ing in flower and reflexed in fruit, but the stipe (equaling the teeth)
bent upwards so that the pod is nearly vertical; pod acuminate at
each end, inwardly curved ventrally, so as to make % to ¥ the arc
ofa circle, 1/4 to 1 inch long, dorsal sulcus intruded % line, sulcate
dorsally always at base, but not in the upper half when pod is much
curved; when nearly straight and only acute at base and apex
(which occasionally occurs) the pod is deeply sulcate, finely cor-
rugated, cartilaginous, filed with a mucilaginous pulp when imma-
ture; seeds flattish, nearly round, with a prominent hilum, 1 line
wide. Fully mature pods are usually obcompressed so as to be
flat, while at the ventral suture they are compressed, making the
cross section T shaped, usually purple spotted. This differs from

VOL. 11.] Contributions to Western Botany. 289

the type in the purple flowers, keel ¥% broader, longer pod, which
is cartilaginous and so thicker, pulpy pod, while the type has a thin
and almost transparent pod, without pulp when young. If this
latter point holds good in all cases, it is a good species. It is at
once distinguishable from the type everywhere, and nevér has been
found east of the Deep Creek Mountains in the western edge of
Utah.

ASTRAGALUS CANADENSIS L. and A. Mortoni Nutt. have the
following characters in common: Flowers in dense spikes, horizontal;
calyx white, flattened, somewhat gibbous, hairy, tips broadly trian-
gular and tufted with hairs, short; banner arched in a wide arc,
sides reflexed, at tip the most, very little elsewhere; sulcus trian-
gular and acute at tip of banner, rounded at base of banner; banner
equaling the keel, ochroleucous; wings ascending and narrow, ex-
posing both the tip and base of keel, obtuse, a line longer than keel.

AsTRAGALUS CANADENSIS has calyx decidedly notched on the
upper side; bracts subu'ate, short; wings linear but slightly wider
at blunt tip; keel little incurved; leaves in about 13 pairs and in-
clined to be lanceolate; spikes not denser fruited than in the other
species. The keels of both species are veined.

AstRAGALUS Mortont Nutt. Calyx teeth not unequal; wings
oblong-lanceolate, 1% lines wide at base; keel purple tipped, arched
to % of acircle; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 1 to 2 lines long; leaves
inclined to be oblong and much smaller than in Canadensis; flowers
in a closer and shorter head. Pods pubescent and densely aggre-
gated, ascending as in the other species. ~
A, Canadensis was just coming into bloom at Grinnell, Iowa, on
August 16, 1892, at 4,000 feet altitude, while 4. J/ortoni was well in
bioom at Muncy, Eastern Nevada, on July 6, 1891, at 6,000 feet
altitude.

AsTRAGALUS DoDGIANUs, n. sp. Many stemmed from a woody
root; stems very slender, flexuous, branching from the base, 6 to
24 inches long; stipules sheathing at the base, membranous and
barely pointed, upper ones connate at base and very broadly trian-
gular; whole plant except the glabrous pods minutely and sparsely
pubescent; leaves 1 to 2 inches, with proper petiole 14 an inch;
rachis leaf-like; leaflets 4 to 5 pairs, narrowly elliptical to linear, 2

'

290 Contributions to Western Botany. _ [zor

to 4 lines long; peduncles 3 to 8 inches long, with racemose, scat-

tered flowers on the upper half; flowers very small, erect to hori-

zontal; calyx nigrescent, less than a line long; campanulate, triangu-

lar teeth a line long; calyx acute at base, on a pedicel Y% a line

long, subtended by a triangular bract 1 line long; corolla arched;

the very blunt, much incurved, and rounded, purple-tipped keel

surpassing the calyx tips less than a line; wings oblong, entire,

about a line longer than keel, ascending, flat to keel; banner ab-
ruptly bent at calyx tips to a right angle, 2 lines longer than keel,

broad, deeply notched, white or light pink; pods ascending to pen-
dulous, linear-oblong, dorsal suture straight, ventral slightly
curved, minutely stipitate, flat and vetch-like, abruptly acute or
apiculate, membranous, reticulated, with no trace of a dorsal intrud-
ing septum; seeds (6 to 10) broadly ovate to almost reniform.
Were it not for the characters of the pod this might be referred to
A. Robbinsii, var. occidentalis, Watson. May 7, 1891, at Thomp-
‘son’s Springs, Eastern Utah, on rocky slopes, rare. Named for
Col. D. C. Dodge.

ASTRAGALUS IBAPENSIS, n. sp. Allied to A. Robbinsti, var. occt-
dentalis apparently, but leaves seemingly quite different, and pod
also. (?) The description of Watson’s variety is very meager and
gives almost no leaf or floral characters. This plant is very slender;
stems ascending from a deep, erect and slender perennial root; leaf-
lets 1 to 7, elliptical to linear, lower obtuse, the upper acute, all but
the terminal ones 2 to 6 lines long, the terminal one twice as long
as the others; upper leaves with one long, linear leaflet, acute at
each end, 1 to 134 inches long, r line wide, gradually tapering into
the rachis or petiole, which is 6 lines long and not jointed to it, oc-
casionally with a single falcate, very acute, linear leaflet at base;
stipules ovate to broadly triangular and mostly connate, usually
acute; very slender stems grooved; whole plant minutely strigose
pubescent, even to the pods, which are more densely so and not
black hairy; penduncles slender, racemosely arranged on stems, 1 to
2 inches long; flowers white, 1 to 3, at*the top of peduncle;
spreading pedicels a line long and with an ovate bract at base, ap-
parent reflexed in fruit; calyx shortly campanulate, a line long and
as broad; teeth triangular, 1% line long; corolla 3 lines longer than
calyx and teeth; banner very broad, abruptly arched at tip of teeth

vot. 11] Contributions to Western Botany. . 291

to a right angle, erect part 114 lines long; keel surpassing calyx
teeth 1% lines, incurved with the end straight, blunt, purple tipped;
wings barely equaling the keel; pod oblong-linear, very shortly
stipitate, 6 lines long, 1%4 lines wide, abruptly acute, both sutures
prominent, flattened, apparently 1 celled, ventral suture arched,
dorsal straight.

June 23, 1891, Deep Creek Mountains, Western Utah, at 5,500
feet altitude, among brush. The arching of the ventral suture of
the above two species would suggest A. Robdinsit, as that feature is
very rare in Western plants, but the racemosely arranged short
peduncles and upper simple leaves are quite peculiar.

AsSTRAGALUS BiIGELOvII Gray. This in its flower is allied to
the 4. eriocarpus group along with A. amphioxys, and apparently
should include the 4. Mathewsii Watson if there are no other good
characters than those given by Watson. Banner arched 80° in a
gentle curve, sides reflexed from calyx to tip 100°, the folded part
being 1% lines wide at base and gradually reduced upwards so that
the outline of the banner as one looks at it is oblong with straight
sides and an enlargement at the base; sulcus a line deep and 34
wide, broadly V shaped and continuous to the apex of banner,
white spot occupying the whole of the sulcus and to within a line
of the top of banner, narrowly oblong, emarginate, purple tinged
below; base of banner, sides and tip rose purple, darker at the
base; wings linear, 34 line wide, with a little lobelet on upper side
near the base, obtuse, 1% line longer than keel, ascending 30°, dark
rose purple at base and the upper two lines white, nearly flat with
the tips slightly incurved and so not quite vertical; keel dark purple-
tipped, blunt and moderately incurved; banner rising 4 lines beyond
the tip of keel, in all 5 lines longer than tip of calyx lobes; calyx
pink, a little inflated, narrower with age ‘and white, somewhat flat-
tened, gibbous, ascending 45°; bracts 3 lines long and green.

Taken from specimens gathered at Rincon, New Mexico, ‘April
15, 1892. It is also abundant in Eastern Utah.

ASTRAGALUS GLAREOSUS Douglas. The plants which I have
hitherto distributed as 4. g/zreosus are A. Chameleuce Gray, while
this plant occurs sparingly throughout the Great Basin region of
Utah, and is credited to Southern Idaho, and by Coulter to Wyo-
ming also. -I have hitherto considered it as A. Chameleuce but it

292 Contributions to Western Botany. [ZoE

is clearly not that plant, and differs from g/areosus in having a 2-
celled -pod that is 1 celled at apex only, the flowers also are cream
_ white, and not ‘‘blue,’’ indistinctly purple veined. Pods long, 1 to 2
inches, acuminate, lanceolate, fleshy when green, much compressed,
2 celled by the intrusion of the dorsal sulcus long-appressed_ hairy,
often su!cate both dorsally and ventrally, dorsal sulcus very: deep;
banner extending 4 lines beyond the calyx teeth, slightly and gently
arched, notched, sides reflexed at base only, 2 lines longer than the
blunt, incurved and purple-tipped keel; sulcus deep, semi cylindric,
wings linear, a little longer than the keel, horizontal at tip; calyx cylin-

_ drical, 5 lines long; teeth subulate, a line long or more, nigrescent

peduncles 2 inches long, shorter than the leaves and prostrate in
fruit except in the shade, leaflets narrowly lanceolate to narrowly
oval, 3 to 5 lines long and 1 to 2 wide; whole plant coarsely silky
pubescent with appressed hairs; stemless, not at all woolly. It
grows under sagebrush in the valleys or lower hillsides and is quite
distinct from any other species that I know. It flowers early in May.

AsTRaGALuS UraHensis, T. & G. Though it is difficult to al-
ways separate this from A. eriocarpus, and less so from A, Purshii
in the herbarium, yet it is not at all so in the field, since A.
eriocarpus flowers at least a month earlier than A. Ufshensis and is
out of b.oom before the other blooms. 4. Purshiz blooms as early
or earlier than A. evzocarpus and is a high altitude plant, 7. e., does
not grow in the valleys, the home of the other two species, though
the latter sometimes go up to 7,000 feet altitude. In 4. Purshii the
pubescence of the leaves is quite different, while the matted habit
and narrow leaves and short woolly pods distinguish it at all times.
It would certainly be considered a hybrid from the other two if they
grew together with it but they never do.

In A. Utahensis the banner is oval as one looks at it in the flower,
rather deeply notched, white spot broadly cuneate, tridentate or _
with a single acuminate tooth from the center of the rounded or
truncate apex, sides of white spot beautifully veined with narrow.
nearly parallel purple lines running down to the base; banner bril-
liant pink purple; wings linear, 2% lines longer than keel, slightly
enlarged at tip, rounded or almost truncate, straight, purple through-
out; tip of keel dark purple. This is one of the handsomest flowers
in the West, but though very common in Central Utah seems to be-
come less so westward.

VoL. u1.] Contributions to Western Botany. 293

ASTRAGALUS ERIOCARPUS Watson. Flowers brilliant pink pur-
ple, and closely resembling those of the above, but sides of banner
not at all reflexed, either notched ¥% a line deep or not at all, as-
cending 45° or less; white spot almost obliterated by rather broad,
palmate, purple veins, which are united into a solid purple spot at
base; sulcus in banner semi-cylindric; wings a line longer than keel.
Deep purple tipped, obtuse, scarcely broadened at base, a little nar-
rowed at apex; keel dark purple, scarcely incurved, very blunt;
flowers nearly as large as in Utahensis, but fewer.’ It is abundant
in the valleys, but not in alkaline soil.

ASTRAGALUS AMPHIOXYsS Gray. This plant has no characters
that Ido not find in 4. Shortianus, except the pubescence of the
calyx, which in the former is appressed and silky or strigose, and
in the latter is spreading and loose. The shape of the, pods, that
both Gray and Watson had to abandon in regard to A. cyaneus, is
equally valueless in the new species created. There may be a char-
acter in the flowers to keep up the species, as well as the pubescence.
I have not studied 4. Shortianus in flower as I have the present
species. I have never seen any true A. Shortianus in Utah or
Western Colorado, all the plants belonging to 4 amphioxys, which >
is very common. The usual form has the banner of the flower
ascending remotely from the calyx, which gives the flower a slender,
long look, but there are forms with a short corolla. There are also
three forms of pod. One is the typical pod, as described by Gray,
not fleshy to any extent. Another has a shorter pod, which is less
acute at apex, often small, and rather blunt at base. The other has
a very fleshy pod, which, on drying, becomes wrinkled with promi-
nent sutures and. intermediate in form.’ While all these forms run
_ together, and have no floral character that is constant, so far as I
have seen, they all, without exception, have the appressed pubes-
cence of calyx. The floral peculiarities are brilliant pink purple
flowers: banner with sides reflexed 10° to 60°, or even more. When
little reflexed the outline is oval, when much it is oblong or tapering
upward, ascending; sulcus 3 lines broad and very shallow, only
concave, 4 lines long. white spot truncate and often deeply notched, —
oblong or broadly cuneate, ragged on the upper end, with little
purple veinlets, stippled with fine purple spots; banner darkest near
the white spot, I ghter on the edge; wings linear to oblong lanceo-

294 Contributions to Western Botany. = 20k
late, rounded, obtuse, oblique, ascending, concave to keel, nearly
horizontal and connivent over the keel, forming an arch over it, 2
lines wide and ¥% a line longer than keel, purple; keel all purple.
One form has banner 5 lines long, short; calyx 3 lines long, and
teeth 114 lines long; pods hoary, and whole plant densely silky.

Another form has fleshy pods, less hairy; calyx 4 lines and teeth 1_
line long; keel rounded, '% narrower than the above; flowers 8 lines
long. This plant is instantly recognized by the arched and conni-

vent wings and stippled white spot.

AsTRAGALUS CHAM &LEUCE Gray. (Distributed by me as >
glareosus, but not in my sets.) Flowers 1 inch long, pink purple,
few; banner in flower oblong-oval, sides reflexed 45°, plain, dark
pink-purple with darker veins, tip with a central notch 34 line deep,
and with two shallow ones adjoining, seldom absent; white spot
comes within a line of the edge all around and as low as the keel,
narrower below, obovate-cordate, edge ragged, with red-purple
veins; below and a line apart are two patches of anastomosing red-
purple veins; wings narrowly oblong, dark purple at tip, oblique,
rounded, tip twisted just below tip of keel, and horizontal; keel
narrow 2 lines below tip, blunt and rounded, dark purple at tip;
pod very fleshy, cartilaginous, and sparsely short hairy. It always
grows in firm, damp meadows, in mountain parks, or high valleys.
It blooms in June and July. It is a matted, woody-rooted, pros-
trate, densely branched, silvery plant, with short peduncles among
the leaves.

ASTRAGALUS IODANTHUS Watson. This is the most variable
plant of the genus in Utah, and may include several species recently
_ erected. The sides of the banner are reflexed, so that the outline
is oblong, notched; white spot, deep purple veined; banner deep
purple below, and shading to white at tip, or purple throughout,
slightly sulcate, ascending 30°, sides most reflexed at base; wings
Jong, dark purple at base, and white from tip of keel to apex, 3
lines longer than keel, rounded, obscurely erose or notched, as-
cending near the tip. The pod is fleshy, black hairy or nearly
glabrous, plain or spotted, straight or arched into a semicircle,
round or obcompressed, sulcate or not. It grows everywhere ex-
cept on alkaline flats in the valleys, but does not go beyond the
higher foothills of the mountains.

is cai aa ee

VOL. 111.] Contributions io Western Botany. 295

ASTRAGALUS PEABODIANUS n. sp. Inflati. Perennial, matted
ceespitose from a branching root; stems 3 to 6 inches long, densely
branched and prostrate, very leafy, root not woody; leaves 1 to 2
inches long, including the }2-inch petiole; leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, 3 to
4 lines long, 1 to 11% wide, oblanceolate to narrowly oval, rounded
at apex and acute at base, edges contiguous, softly pilose with
spreading hairs, as well as all the rest of the plant, even to calyx and
legume, but the latter rather densely long pilose; peduncles an inch
long, 3 to6 flowered, and loosely so; flowers ascending, in fruit
horizontal, pedicel very short; calyx campanulate, a line long, teeth
the same and setaceous; banner abruptly reflexed at tip of calyx
teeth, broad, notched, white or purple, 3 lines long, erect part 2
lines long; purple tipped keel surpassing calyx teeth by 1% lines,
arched, the acute tip incurved to nearly a semicircle; wings barely
surpassing keel, lanceolate, entire, obtuse; pods 6 lines long, mem-
branous, ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, when ripe incurved to
nearly a semicircle, cross section triangular and acute at ventral
suture, with rounded lobes at base, dorsal septum not intruded, but
dorsal sulcus always so at base of pod and to the middle; 1 celled,
no intrusion of ventral suture, but the suture is rather thick, while
the dorsal is inconspicuous.

Resembles 4. Parryi in habit, and is allied to 4. triflorus and A.
triquetrus, but quite different; clay soil, at 5,000 feet altitude, Thomp-
son’s Springs, Eastern Utah, May 7, 1891. Dedicated to George
Foster Peabody.

AsTRAGALUS GEVERI Gray. Banner oval to ovate, but sides
generally turned back at some angle less than go°, then the outline
is oblong, slightly notched, white or very light purple. faintly purple
veined; white spot scarcely visible,,coming within 1% a line of the
sides and end; banner ascending to 75°; sulcus shallow, scarcely —
contracted at base; banner 1% lines longer than wings, and wings
1 to 1% lines longer than keel; blade of wings obliquely ovate,
obtuse, ascending 30°, 1 line wide; keel a line longer than calyx
teeth, incurved 100°. I have doubts that it is annual, for the slender
roots seem to have tubers on them. Very common in gravelly or
light soil in the valleys and lower slopes. It blooms May to June.

ASTRAGALUS PLATYTROPIS Gray. This interesting subalpine plant
is found only on the high mountains, occurring as far east as the

.

me Contributions to Western Botany. [ZOE

Schell Creek Mountains only. It may, however, exist on the Deep
Creek Mountains. It is one of the earliest bloomers, close to snow. —
It is inclined to spread from the roots, but never forms mats. It is
rare. Banner white or dirty, tinged with yellow, varying to light
lead colored, bent abruptly to 45°, from mouth of calyx, concave,
and so the sulcus is very widely V shaped, hooded at apex by the
narrowing of the sulcus, 3 lines long, notched, and often with acces-

sory notches, about as broad as long but a little wider at base than be :
apex, sides not reflexed or but little, slightly purple veined opposite

- mouth of calyx; wings arcuate upwards and exposing the whole keel,
obliquely lanceolate oblong, or nearly so, obtuse tip bent outward form-
ing with the keel the letter T, just equaling the keel; keel abruptly
bent go°, purple, dark at tip, point rounded, equaling the banner;
pod dark and dark purple mottled, ovate, 34 by % inch, abruptly
pointed, straight, papery, and much inflated, oblong oval, cross
section oval contrary to the partition and emarginate on each side,
prostrate when ripe. Scapes erect to decumbent. July.

ASTRAGALUS TOANUS n. sp. Altied to A. nudus. Lower leaflets
3 to 6 pairs, upper ones reduced to the long and cylindrical rachis;
pods 2 to 4 on the ends of rather long peduncles; erect, 34 to an
inch long, 3 lines wide, compressed, erect, straight or curved, acute,
thick and corrugated, both sutures prominent; sessile, lanceolate
oblong, with very acute edges, cross section elliptical, seeds 1% by 1
_ lines, calyx teeth minute, triangular; calyx 3 lines long. This grows
in clumps like the others of the section. It is nearly glabrous
throughout, erect, 2 feet high. It was out of flower July 21, 1891.
Found on the slopes of the Toano Range, Eastern Nevada, in
open ground. It can neither be referred to A. nudus, A. pectinatus,
or A. Grayi, but is intermediate between A. xudus and A. pectinatus.
It may be that all four are forms of one polymorphous species, but I
do not know of connecting forms.

ASTRAGALUS ARTIPES Gray. This plant is so like A. Beckwithii
(except possibly the fiddle-shaped corolla) that it will be passed over
generally when not in fruit; however, the calyx teeth about equal the
tube, and are thread-like at tip; pod 114 by 34 inches, spotted,
straight, tip slightly curved and almost blunt, base truncate; stipe
equaling the calyx teeth; no apparent dorsal suture, ventral not
prominent nor inflexed; pod probably round in cross section but

VOL. IlT.] Contributions to Western Botany. 297

~

-

somewhat flattened or sulcate ventrally, 1 celled; seeds not round;
calyx erect in fruit; podsterect or spreading. It is 1 to 2 feet high,
slender. It was collected in gravelly soil at about 5,000 feet altitude
in Utah Valley, May 16, 1891. The leaflets are broadly lanceolate
to oval, obtuse to emarginate, 3 to 6 lines long, 10 to 14 pairs. Hith-
erto this has been supposed to bea southern species, but it has doubt-

-~ Jess been overlooked. Z

ASTRAGALUS CALYcosus Torrey. This most interesting and

badly named little species proves to be very common in all the ranges

and hills west of the Wasatch Mountains, Utah. I have gathered it
as far west'as Humboldt, Nevada. Watson's description in King’s
Rep. is faulty also. Outline of banner oval, cleft a line deep, sides
reflexed 100°, generally cream white but often purple; white spot
broad, with cuneate sides to the middle where it widens again, broadly
emarginate at apex; sulcus rectangular and broader than deep; wings
very closely a,pressed to keel its full length, red purple to tip of
keel, white beyond, deeply cleft, lower lobe 1 to 2 lines long and
like a normal wing, the upper lobe is % wider, bent upward and in-
ward till it touches the banner, both lobes narrowed and rounded at
tip, usually from the cleft in the wings a long thread like lobe arises
and is nearly as long as the lobes; keel enlarged just above the calyx »
so as to make-a hollow in the banner, with a decided hump near the
base of keel; calyx notched deeper on the upper side; pod always
arched when well developed, acute, 4 to 12 lines long, 2 celled, cross
section ovate with a cordate base. Flowers erect or prostrate, pods —
narrowly oblong to linear, usually prostrate. It is not subalpine,
as given by Watson; it is rare above 7,000 feet altitude and abounds
in the valleys in gravelly soil, 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude. Torrey’s
and Watson’s specimens seem to have been starved and with a
poorly developed pod.

ASTRAGALUS ATRATUS Watson var. STENOPHYLLUS nN. var.

Flowers smiller, leaves narrowly linear, short, minute, or wanting,

and only the rachis present, always so in the upper leaves.

This is No. 3840 of my sets of 1882. Collected June 14, 1882, at
Palisade, Nevada, distributed as ‘Astragalus n. sp.’’

ASTRAGALUS FILIPES Torrey. I believe there is an earlier name for
this, but the old name will be the more familiar, and equally as good
for my purpose. Banner light cream colored, arched at right angle,

298 Contributions to Western Botany. [ZOE

oblong, 4 lines longer than keel, expanded at base like 4. Beckwithit,
sides reflexed 20° or less, groove very shallow and acute, scarcely
narrower at base, not enlarged or narrowed on the outside toward
the base; banner acutely notched at apex, 34 line deep; wings
obliquely obovate or lanceolate, ascending 45° so as to expose the
bottom of keel, concave to keel, entire or obscurely toothed at
rounded apex; keel incurved 100° or more, blunt, tipped with yel-
low. Schell Creek Mountains, Nevada, July, 1891.

ASTRAGALUS KENTROPHYTA Gray. It is hard to believe that a
subalpine plant in the Wasatch can be the same as one growing on
the driest slopes of valleys in the arid regions, but so far I can see
no distinguishing characters. The floral characters of the arid plant
are these: calyx bent like Hedeoma; banner arched less than 90°
abruptly and with a hump below the bend also, cucullate, sides very
concave and little reflexed; sulcus very shallow; banner contracted
about a line below the tip, so that the general outline is oblong, tip
abruptly reflexed or not at all, deeply notched, a little broader at tip
than below, finely striate veined with purple; wings connivent, ob-
long-ovate, obtuse or barely acute, 114 lines longer than keel, as-
cending; keel purple tipped, sharp, and much incurved. Very dry
knolls in valleys of Eastern Nevada, fruit in July.

In my last ‘ Notes’’ in Zox I inadvertently transposed the terms
dorsal and ventral in describing my species of Astragalus.

CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUs Nutt. In a former communication in
ZoE I gave some general details of the relation of the type to the
variety zutricatus Jones. Having now examined minutely all my
material from all sources and also that in the Shaw Botanic Gardens
(the Engelmann collection), my conclusions are that there is but one
good variety of C. dedifolius and that one is the var. iztricatus, which
does not deserve higher rank. C parvtfolius Nutt. var. breviflorus
Jones. I reduce from the C, breviflorus Gray, Pl. Wright 2 p. 54.
It is ciearly a form of the more robust species. C. fothergilloides
HBK. is quite variable, and some forms are hard to separate from
C. parvifolius. 1 studied this latter carefully in the Sierra Mojada
in May, 1892 (Mexico). :

The following are some notes on C. ledifolius and its variety. The
species sheds its leaves late in the second season.

July 2, Muncy, Nev. Leaves lanceolate to linear, Margins revolute,

nearly glabrous, bark dark gray.

Tl

VOL. 11] Contributions to Western Botany. 299

November 19,aTintic, Utah. 7,000 feet altitude, leaves old, lanceo-
late, short woolly on both sides, typical form.

June 12, 1891, Dutch Mountain, Utah. Typical form; leaves
broadly lanceolate, not -revolute, large, glabrous on both sides, or
nearly so below, petiole 2 to 3 lines long, calyx white woolly and
tips with a tuft of wool.

July 8, 1891, Ruby Hill, Eastern Nevada, 8,500 feetaltitude. Leaves
lanceolate, glabrous on both sides, slightly revolute, calyx and tips
pubescent only with very short wool.

June 20, 1892, Mt. Ibapah. Leaves broadly lanceolate, slightly
pubescent, not white beneath, varnished, slightly revolute.

June 23, 1892, Mt. Ibapah, Western Utah. Leaves oblanceolate
to lance-oblong, glabrous on both sides, calyx pubescent.

June 23, 1892, Spring Creek, Eastern Nevada, altitude about 7,000
feet. Leaves, older ones, linear lanceolate, 3 lines wide, scarcely
revolute, upper surface nearly glabrous, lower white with very short
and dense wool; other leaves on the same plant linear and revolute;
anthers nearly orbicular and emarginate above and below.

Specimens No. 2, same locality. Leaves not revolute, lanceolate,
an inch long, very woolly on both sides.

August 30, 1891, Moab, Southeastern Utah. Leaves glabrous and
varnished, linear and cylindric, 3 to 8 lines long, 1% to 1 line wide;
young branches short woolly. This is like Watson’s type of zéri-
catus, but with smaller leaves approaching the extreme form, with
varnished minute leaves, collected by Coville in Southwestern Nevagia.

June 9, 1891, Furber, Eastern Nevada. Tails of fruit 3 inches long,
short plumose to within %4 inch of the tip, where they are bare;
leaves linear-oblong, revolute or not revolute, very woolly or hairy
on both sides. The length of the tails is determined by the weather.
If it is dry they are very short and abortive; if wet, they are long.

May 20, 1891, Desert Mountains, Utah. Leaves 3 to 6 lines
long, % to 1 line wide, varnished, cylindrical, densely fascicled.

May 16, 1891, Homansville, Utah. Leaves linear to lance-linear,
glabrous or short villous, old leaves less revolute; flowers pubes-
cent, plants less densely branched.

July 2, 1891, Muncy, Nevada. Broadest leaves 3 lines wide and
6 to 12 long, glabrous; narrowest, on the same plant, a line wide;
bark darker than usual. ;

June 19, 1891, Clifton, Western Utah. Leaves 6 lines long, 1

?
—

300 Contributions to Western Botany. [ZOE

line wide, linear, older ones glabrous and varnished, edges revolute
nearly to midrib, and so nearly cylindrical, very abruptly acute;
petiole 1% line long; leaves fascicled at the ends of branchlets; in-
tricately branched; bark white throughout, or nearly so. Others
from the same place have the leaves 4 lines long, narrowly elliptical,
nearly glabrous, and the under surface not chalky white, as is usual
in the type.

June 9, 1891, Furber, Eastern Nevada. Branchlets more slender;
leaves less crowded, 2 to 6 lines long, younger ones white silky
villous, and both sides alike, narrowly oblong, blunt, some scarcely
revolute; tails an inch long, the upper half bare, plumose part with
hairs 2 lines long and densely white, the hairs gradually growing
shorter to the beardless tip. This latter is the case in all forms;
calyx 3 lines long.

Specimens No. 2. Leaves very short-woolly, chalky white below,
some scarcely revolute; calyx 4 lines long; otherwise as the above.

Specimens No. 3. Leaves densely white woolly, oblong linear,

3 to 4 lines long, 1 to 2 wide, broadest not revolute.

There are many other forms, but those given show the general ©
trend. The variety is usually a densely and intricately branched
shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, with light gray bark, abounding in rocky
ravines and cliffs and rocky hillsides, forming a large part of the
brush of the. low mountains. It abounds below 7,000 feet altitude,
but rarely grows much higher. The type begins at about 7,000
feet altitude, and runs up to subalpine on the higher mountains.
On Ruby Hill, at 9,000 feet altitude, I saw the type matted like the
firs near timber line on the loftiest mountains. Both the type and
the variety are very much affected by the soil and moisture where

they grow. The variety seems to be a form of the type that has
_ adapted itself to conditions that the type, from its larger surface of
leaves, cannot do. It is strange that Watson never saw this plant
in Nevada, where he spent a season, and where it is very common.
It was doubtless an oversight, as he also reported that he did not
see Juniperus Californicus var. Utahensis (as it is now called) in
Utah, while it is the only tree on Antelope Island, and the island is
black with it, and was when he was there camping. It is also found
everywhere in Utah.

RIBEs CEREUM Dougl. The flowers have a cannon-shaped valyx:
petals white, rounded at tip; calyx tips reflexed; fruit yellowish red
\

VOL. 111. ] Contributions to Western Botany. 301

and woolly, as well as glutinous. It is occasional in Western Utah
and Eastern Nevada.

CENOTHERA JOHNSONI Parry Am. Nat. 9, p. 270. This very
poorly described plant is said to have elongated stigmas, petals an
inch long, calyx tube not shorter than the leaves, capsules 9 to 12
lines long, somewhat 4-angled, strongly nerved, not crested, and
to resemble CZ. primiveris, and to be very common at St. George,
Southern Utah. The species which I have collected abundantly in
Western Utah and Eastern Nevada is perennial, czespitose from a
many-branched root, which is covered at the summit with the dead
petioles of former leaves, acaulescent or stems an inch or two long;
leaves lanceolate, gradually decurrent into the petiole, which is 1
to 3 inches long, and never more than % the length of the blade;
blade entire or undulate, or irregularly and sparsely dentate with
sharp teeth; whole plant hoary with a dense, soft, and very short
pubescence; calyx tips free in the bud; calyx splitting on one side
and reflexed in flower, lobes 1 to 114 inches long, tube 3, to 5 inches
long and erect, with 8 striz; petals rhomboidal, entire or slightly
lacerate on the edge; 2 to 3 inches wide, and 2 to 2% long, golden
yellow, palmately veined with 3 very prominent and several inter-
mediate veins, each feather veined in addition; the petals, in drying
and fading, turn red, and resemble the meshes in the web of a frog’s
foot; stamens % line wide and 6 lines long, versatile, yellow; stigma
lobes 4 to 6 lines long, 4 line wide; capsule ovate, broadly winged,
not nerved or veined, less than an inch long, not crested, hoary
white; calyx also with scattered, fine, long, white hairs.

This grows on sunny southern slopes in very dry places, blossoms
in June, and is by far the handsomest species of the genus. It is
vespertine. Rather common in Western Utah and Eastern Nevada
at 6,000 feet altitude. Should it prove to be new, I name it Gno-
thera Howardi, after Mr. A. M. Howard, the gentleman in my party
who saw it first.

ECHINOCACTUS PAPYRACANTHUS Eng. The flowers are an inch
long, opening but little; stigma cleft a line deep into 6 anther-like
divisions, papillose on the sides and upper surface; filaments 6 lines
long; style almost as long as the petals, '4 a line thick, linear; the
flowers open in the morning, and close in the afternoon, but appar-
ently are not affected by cloudy weather. This grows in alkaline
soil, and blooms in May. It is scarce everywhere.

302 Contributions to Western Botany. [ZoE

Ecutnocactus Simpsoni Eng. Should be called Mamillaria
Simpsoni, as all its relatives are there, and it differs in but one re-
spect from that genus, 7. e., having the flowers just a little above
the base of the tubercle. It blooms in daylight, and closes partly
at night. Rather common at high altitudes, z. ¢., above 7,000 feet.
La Sal Mountains, Eastern Utah, and through the Territory and
into Nevada. June.

EcHINocACTUS WuIPPLEI Eng. This opens in the forenoon,
and closes partly between 5 and 6 p. M. It also opens in the day-
time if put in a dark place. It blooms in June, inhabiting the alka-
line valleys and gravelly slopes. Occasional in Western Utah and
Eastern Nevada.

OPUNTIARUTILA Nutt. This is not distinct from O. Missouriensis.
The flowers close partly at night, and in rain probably. Common.
It blooms in May and June.

CYMOPTERUS CORRUGATUS Jones. This is not the type, but is
the plant referred by Watson to C Fendleri, and by Coulter and
Rose to corrugatus. 1 could not get it with mature fruit. Involucre
none; involucels broadly oval and scarious, or lanceolate and green,
acute; fruit broadly winged; flowers white. Clayey hillsides near
the Sevier River, Utah, below Juab. June, 1880. I doubt that it
belongs to either species.

CyMoTerus IBaPENSIs n. sp. Flowers white, ina head an inch
wide; root large and long, thick and fleshy, erect, usually branched
- at summit, leafless but densely covered with what appear to be old
leaf petioles; from amid these the scape arises and is 2 inches long
in flower, its summit bears a tuft of many leaves; scapes in fruit 6
inches long or less; peduncles in flower shorter than the leaves,
lengthening in fruit to 4 inches; leafless, striate, erect in flower and
erect or decumbent in fruit; leaves fleshy and on drying finely
wrinkled and so appearing to be finely pubescent, but glabrous, 3
inches long, ternate with the divisions pinnate to bipinnate, ultimate.
segments obtuse, either obovate and less than a line long or linear-
spatulate and 2 lines long; base of petioles of the outer leaves much
enlarged, nerved and sheathing, the rest less sO; petioles not over
an inch long, nerved; umbel of 6 to 8 rays, scarcely perceptible in
flower, 4 inch long in fruit and stout; involucre none; involucels

VOL. ut.] Contributions to Western Botany. 303

of a few linear, acute, fleshy, not scarious scales, 2 to 3 lines long,
distinct to the base; pedicels in fruit 2 lines long, filiform; flowers 5
to 8 from each ray; fruit 2 to 24 lines long, broadly oblong trun-
cate at each end, face concave only, about 1% ofa circle, less than a
line wide; oil tubes 3 between the ribs and 6 on the commissure;
lateral wings a line wide, dorsal % less, all thick and corky for the
size of the fruit. It is a close congener of C. /ongipes but differs in
the size and division of the leaves, white flowers, small and simply
concave fruit, and habitat. It is found only on clayey alkaline soil
in the centers of the valleys. The fruit face is that of C. montanus.
Deep Creek Valley, 5,000 feet altitude, June, 1891. A feature of
the flowers that is more or less common to all the genus is in the
petals, which are triangular lanceolate from a broad base, thick,
deeply sulcate, barely acute, with incurved apex, so that the tip
- touches the disk between the contiguous edges of the petals; anthers
black purple, reniform cordate, lying on the recurved filament
next the edges of the petals like seeds in a five-celled pod, just
bursting forth; they are very pretty; the filament straightens and
‘thrusts the anther 1% a line beyond the petal; it then bursts; style
not exserted at first.

CyMOPTERUS LONGIPES Watson. This plant is acaulescent at
first and the yellow flowers are sessile in a rosette of green leaves,
then the flower stalk lengthens always, is erect, and, after blooming,
droops till the fruit is pendent, then as the fruit ripens the stem
(peduncle) usually becomes erect again. The scape usually
lengthens also, but not always. Abundant in the Wasatch and less
common westward.

OROGENIA LINEARIFOLIA Watson. The Indians are fond of the
raw bulbs. The flowers are white and the peduncles decumbent.
This is one of the very earliest bloomers, and, though common, is
seldom seen, as the plant is hardly visible when in fruit and even
that disappears in a few weeks with the leaves.

TOWNSENDIA SCAPIGERA Eaton. The flowers open between 9
and 1o in the morning and close between 5 and 6 in the afternoon.
It is frequent.

I think that Gray has confounded two well-marked species of
Bigelovia in his cosmopolitan B. graveolens. One has a thyrsiform
inflorescence, cylindric campanulate corolla with reflexed or widely

304 Contributions to Western Botany. [ZOE |

spreading lobes a line long, and usually glabrous stems and leaves:
it grows 1 to 3 feet high. This is the B. graveolens Gray, really
(Nutt). The other species is what should be called Z. nauseosa
(Pursh) and is the Linosyris albicaulis T. &G. Thisis also B. grave-
olens var. albicaulis Gray, and will include as varieties of it var.
latisquama (Gray) and var. hololeuca (Gray). The type has a fusi-
form corolla, lobes almost never spreading and never reflexed, usu-
ally closed, often short; corymbiform inflorescence, usually flat
topped with many heads, occasionally corymbs with few heads and
somewhat thyrsiform in outline ; Stems white tomentose. The corolla
is generally with closed lobes and then the fusiform character is
very evident; it is always a little contracted at throat. The ‘“cob-
webby hairs”’ are found.on all forms of the B. graveolens of Gray
and are of no value.

Biglovia albida Jones. This name was not one of my choosing,
but was insisted upon by Dr. Gray, who would not believe that I
was correct in saying that the flowers were white. I have again had
an opportunity to study this plant growing and find that the flowers
are pearly white, the dirty white color of the dried specimens is due
to the viscid matter of the heads coloring the flowers. The plant is
1% to “2% feet high, grows in clumps like the others, but more
open; it is densely fastigiately branched at the top. It is found only
on alkaline soil in the valleys and grows alongside of Sarcobatus
vermiculatis. It is locally abundant on the eastern side of the Deep
Creek Mountains, also in Spring, Antelope, and Steptoe Valleys, in
Western Utah and Eastern Nevada.

Flelianthella argophylla (Eaton) Gray. This botanical nomad,
which has been successively called Tithonia argophylla, Encelia ar-
Sophylla, Encelia nudicaulis, Helianthella nudicaulis, and now rests
under the above name as the Proper one, is czespitose from a deep
woody root, 1 to 1 Y feet high (the peduncles); hoary with a dense,
soft, and very short pubescence; old leaves silvery white, from
nearly reniform to ovate, always with a cuneate base, and with a
very long and margined petiole, 3 nerved, cauline none, or a rudi-
ment, or occasionally there is a normal leaf at the base of the
peduncle, blade 2 inches wide (usually), and an inch long, obtuse and
entire; leaves very many and crowded at the Toot; petioles 5 inches
or less long; bracts lanceolate acuminate from a broad base, either

— VOL. 101. | Contributions to Western Botany. 305

like the leaves or softly tomentose in pubescence, in several series,
not recurved, widely spreading in fruit because of the expanded
“head, which is hemispherical in fruit, not surpassing the disk flowers,
obtuse; heads an inch broad and ¥% an inch high, nodding in fruit
usually; flowers nearly golden yellow; rays about 20, 2 inches long,
and % inch wide or smaller, narrowly elliptical; minutely 5 toothed
at the apex, neutral, usually with two loblets, one near the base of
the ligule, and the other near the base of the blade; these lobelets
are 3 to 8 lines long, and either green or yellowish: disk flowers
urceolate-cvlindric, 3 lineslong, a line wide; proper tube a line long,
very narrow, glandular; lobes reflexed, short, and hispid at tip;
style tips bluntly triangular; ovaries nearly linear and slightly
widened at tip, white silky with chaff-like hairs; margin hyaline and
very hairy; apex with two scale-like awns equaling the short tube;
ovaries 4 lines long exclusive of the awn, and flat; mature akenes
obovate cuneate, and truncate to narrowly cuneate, black, with
white callus margin, which is long villous; body of akene parsely
hairy; pappus awns present or absent; crown entire or lacerate, %
a line high or almost wanting. The leaves are thick and the whole
plant so nearly simulates Balsamorhiza sagittata that I have no
doubt it is quite common where that plant has been supposed to be
abundant. It is sometimes found growing near it also. It abounds
in Western Utah and Eastern Nevada on sunny and dry hillsides,
on the southern slopes, in bare places, from 6,000 feet altitude down.
It is abundant at Detroit, Dugway, and Gold Hill, Western Utah, and
at F urber, Glencoe, etc., in Eastern Nevada, and doubtless abounds
throughout Nevada and Southern Utah. My large and varied mate-
rial and my field studies make it certain that the two species argo-
Phylla and nudicaulis are identical, and the older name must prevail.

BALSAMORHIZA SAGITTATA Hooker. The horses seem to like
the leaves, as I noticed my animals eating it with evident relish. It
is frequent throughout the Great Basin region.

TETRADYMIA GLABRATA Gray. The spines of all the species arise
from the bark. In this, the ‘‘spineless’’ species, they are present ©
and formed like the other spiny species, but they are so weak and
narrow the same year they are formed that they are called spine-
tipped leaves, and as they fall at the end of the season they are not
dignified with the name of spines. In 7: Muttallii T. & G. the spines
persist till the second year and then fall.

306 Contributions to Western Botany. [ZOE :

ARTEMESIA TRIDENTATA Pursh. This is considered a sure remedy
for pneumonia, being taken internally, and also a poultice made of
it and applied to the chest. One of my men was taken violently
sick with mountain fever, his temperature going up to 104° and re-
maining there; when other remedies failed, I gave him a large quan-
tity of the cold infusion of the leaves, which cured him in a few days.

MaLacorurix Torreyi Gray. The flowers close at night.
CREPIS OCCIDENTALIS Nutt. The flowers close at night.

LyGopEsmia spinosa Gray. This plant it seems to me has been
wrongly referred to this genus; it is a better Stephanomeria; in habit
it closely resembles the perennial species and also Chetadelphia,
which is hardly distinct. In some specimens recently sent me from
Idaho by Mrs. Brodhead I found the upper 1 of the pappus was
_ long plumose like Stephanomeria in many cases, while the rest of
the pappus was strongly barbellate. The pappus is stout at base
and differs from Stephanomeria in being multisetose only.

PRIMULA BRODHEAD# n. sp. 2 to 4 inches high; 1 to 4 flowered;
scape 2 to 4 inches long; leaves 1 to 4 inches long, narrowly ellipti-
cal, rounded at apex, glabrous, rather thick, smooth, entire, narrowed
at base to a winged petiole an inch or less long; flowers purple, about
5 lines wide, lobes orbicular or nearly so, notched, with a very short
claw 2 lines long, tube exceeding the calyx by 2 lines; funnel form
_ above the calyx; calyx lobes 1% lines long and subulate lanceolate,
barely acute, equaling the tube of the calyx; pod nearly spherical;
pedicels of lateral flowers about a line long, the terminal one 2 to 6
lines long; bracts oblong to ovate lanceolate, entire or toothed at
apex, 1 to § lines long; base of plant covered with the dead sheaths
of former leaves; roots like those of P. Parryi. Marshy places at
Ketchum, Idaho, May to early June, altitude 6,000 feet. The per-
fume at first is rather strong and sweet. Dedicated to Mrs. Brodhead,
the collector.

Var. MINOR n. var. Leaves an inch long or less, elliptical oblance-
_ olate and acute, thin; lobes of the corolla as large as the type, but
obovate; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube; flowers 1 to 2 on
the scape; bracts long; plant 2 inches high. Bayhorse, Idaho, July
I, at 8,000 feet altitude, in marshy places. This is between P. Par-
ryt and P. nivalis, Ledeb, but if the characters given in the Synop-
tical Flora are good this is a new species. I suppose this species is

fe

a

VOL. 111. | Contributions to Western Botany. 307

the same as var. Wilcoxiana, Wood of P. Parryz, but I do not know
that that was ever characterized in print.

GILIA PUNGENS Benth. is vespertine. I watched it on June 19,
1891, and found that the flowers opened after dark and closed at
7:30 o'clock A.M. I noticed the same thing in G. Watsoni Gray,
and have no doubt that the same is true of G. Californica also. The
flowers of G. inconspicua and G. leptomeria I have never seen fully
opened except in sunny weather.

TRICARDIA Watson! Gray I have found again in two places on
Dutch Mountain, Western Utah. It is very rare.

7VGADENUS PANICULATUS Watson is regarded as a good remedy
for felon. The root is baked and applied to the sore.

EpHeprA NEVADENSIS Watson is regarded as a cure for canker
in the mouth and for diarrhoea. It will also produce the piles. The
virtues seem to lie almost entirely in the pitch, which, when broken
up, is a fine yellow powder and very powerful.

JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICUS Carr. var. UTAHENSIS, Eng. I saw
this growing on the top of the Champlin Mountains, Utah, at 7,700
feet altitude, and all matted down and flat-topped, like Adzes fallax
and other conifers above timber line on our highest mountains.

PINUS MONOPHYLLA Torrey. This is very interesting in its young
state. Until it is about 5 years old it is scarcely distinguishable from
Abies. The primary leaves are an inch long, flat, and sharp. After
that they grow shorter and little buds begin to appear in their axils;
as these develop the leaves dry up and fall off, and there is a com- ©
plete transition from the fully developed primary leaf to the minute
bracts that subtend the young secondary leaves. Generally there
are one or two cylindrical leaves scattered along the young stems
and with their normal sheaths, while all around them are the primary
leaves. I find that the leaves of P. monophylla are much more ro-
bust and vigorous than those of the variety edu/is Jones, and so it is
far more likely that edz/7s was derived from this than that monophylla
was derived from it, as it can in no sense be considered a ‘‘depaupe-
rate form of edu/is;’’ in addition, the cones are generally more robust
and better developed, though there is an endless series of all sizes
and shapes dependent upon the weather in August when the cones
are growing. I find that the formation of seeds in the Western con-
ifers, of our region at least, is due to the weather in August. If it

308 Contributions to Western Botany. [ZOE

is rainy in that month, as is seldom the case, then the trees fruit
abundantly, but if it is dry they seed but little or not at all.

INDICATIVE PLANTS.

Occasionally wé are regaled with accounts of these plants, and one
poor species after another is put forth as an infallible index of min-
eral. Amorpha canescens has recently been called the ‘‘lead plant,’’
and it is stated that it indicates the presence of lead. If that be
true, then the whole State of Iowa, especially the prairie portion, is
a vast lead field. Unfortunately there is but little lead known in
Iowa asa whole. Friogonum ovalifolium is also made to do service
for silver and arsenic in Montana. In Utah it is seldom found near
silver mines, and when it so happens that they exist as low as the
region that the plant frequents, then it is no more abundant there
than it is over thousands of square miles that have no mineral. The
plant abounds in all our valleys, and the color is either white or pink,
and I dare say that arsenic has nothing to do with the coloring; it is
far more likely that it is due to iron, which may or may not be near
mines.

UTAH NAMES OF LOCALITIES.

In almost all the monographs and books giving localities of Utah
plants the antique spelling of King’s Report is adhered to. Isn't it
about time that those relics are given a decent burial? They were
invented by some enthusiast in Indian dialects who felt it necessary
to put an “‘h” on every broad ‘“‘a,” whether it belonged there or not.
Southern Utah is still groaning under the burden of the outlandish
names applied to well-known and previously better named valleys,
plateaus and mountains. _It is no excuse for these that the names
were given by the U. S. Geological Survey, for it has no right to
change well-known names for those of its own creation. Some new
names for well-known ones are as follows; Kaibab Plateau for Buck-
skin Mountains, Tushar Mountains for Beaver Mountains, House
Range for Swazy Mountains, Wheeler’s Peak for Jeff. Davis Peak,
Toang Mountains for Toano Range, Mt. Emmons for Star Peak;
among the outlandish names applied are Kaiparowits Plateau, Paun-
sagunt Plateau, Markagunt Plateau, etc.

Two of the bad spellings that I see most frequently in our botani-
cal books are ‘‘ Wahsatch”’ for Wasatch, the latter the correct one,
and ‘‘Uintah’’? Mountains for Uinta Mountains. Coulter’s Manual

VOL. I11.] The Puma in Southern New Mextco. =: 06

errs on the former at all times, also all of Gray’s and Watson’s pub-
lications, and the monographers.

[I had supposed that I had made it sufficiently clear that I was the
author of the var. breviflorus of Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt. in the
original paragraph in which it was printed, but it seems that there
is at least one person who has not clearly understood it, so I will
say again that the var. is to be credited to me alone. |

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE PUMA ( Felis
concolor L.) IN SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO.

BY C. H. TYLER TOWNSEND.
[Read before the New Mexico Society for the Advancement of Science, Dec. 1, 1892.]

A recent paper by Mr. F. W. True, in the report of the.U; S.
National Museum for 1888-89 (pp. 591-608, with plate XCIV), on
the puma, or American lion, prompts me to record some available
notes on the distribution of this animal in Southern New Mexico,
since there seem to be no recorded instances of its occurrence in this
part of the country.

The only case which I can personally vouch for is the following:
While camped at the base of the Organ Mountains, at the northeast-
ern end of the range, in the latter part of November, 1891, I saw a
puma one morning about 8 o'clock disappearing over a ridge of
rocks. He had emerged from the high and thick growth of Yucca
angustifolia which covers the San Augustine plains at this point,
and had disappeared before I could get a shot at him. One of the
members of our party had passed within a few yards of a yucca, be-
hind which he was crouching at the time, but without seeing him.
He was apparently about three and one-half feet long, not including
tail, and was ofa yellowish gray color, Subsequent search among

the rocks failed to show any trace of him. The same morning about
three miles west of this place some Mexican goat herders reported
that three tigers (igves) had crossed the road at about eleven
o'clock, going toward the mountains. This locality is about twenty
miles east of Las Cruces, in Dofia Ana County.

The following case was given me by Mr. W. E. Baker: In April,
1891, while driving toward Fort Stanton, in Lincoln County, on the

310 The Puma in Southern New Mexico. | ZOE

upper road, at a point less than three miles from and to the south of
the fort, just after sundown, a puma was seen to spring up from the
side of the road, a short distance ahead of the team. This point was
not far from a draw containing timber. A shot was fired, which
probably grazed the animal’s back, for with a low yelp he made off
down the wooded draw. The animal was estimated to be about
three feet long, not including tail, and probably two and one-half feet
high, and was doubtless not fully grown. He was ofa tawny yellow
color. This locality ison the U.S. Military Reservation at Fort
Stanton, in Lincoln County. Some persons who came into Fort
Stanton a day or two later on the lower road, reported seeing a puma
the following night after the above one was seen. The lower road is
about a mile west of the upper one at this point, running more or
less parallel to it, and the wooded draw above mentioned con-
nects the two roads. This was perhaps the same animal, therefore,
that was fired at the night before.

The puma is not rare in Soledad Cafion, in the Organ Mountains,
as the following cases will show: Mr. Jeff Isaacs, who has a ranch in
the cafion, has killed twelve of these animals within the past four years.
They have caused serious depredations among his lambs and colts.
He tells me that they have killed five colts for him, and also num-
bers of calves and sheep. The skin of one which he killed with a
pistol, in the fall of 1889, measured nine feet from end of nose to tip
of tail. This measurement is vouched for by Mr. W. R. Fall, of this

place. The cafion is a little south of east of Las Cruces, Mr. Isaac’s Bs

place being about twenty miles from here.

Mr. Fall also tells me that Mr. G. R. Beasley, who has a ranch a
mile or two beyond (east of) Isaac’s ranch in Soledad, killed a puma
in June, 1892, and says that there are several of these animals now
alive in that vicinity.

In regard to the occurrence of the puma on the Upper and Lower
Penasco, in western Lincoln County, Mr. S. E. Kennedy, of this —
place and formerly of Tularosa, vouches for the following: The skin
of a puma killed by a man named Newman, near the head of the
Penasco Creek, in the fall of 1891, measured eleven feet and some
inches (three inches?) to tip of tail. Mr. Kennedy vouches for this
measurement, which he made himself. This skin, therefore, is the
longest one on record, the measurement of which is reliably vouched

VOL. i11.] Notes on Fertilization. | sit.

for. 1 am unable, however, to give the length of the body and tail
separately. The skin was measured ina straight line, and was of
course somewhat stretched. The scalp was left on. The fur was of
atawny yellowcolor. Mr. Kennedy says thatthe puma is often met with
on the Penasco, and states that the above-named Mr: Newman and
a Mr. Wm. York have killed a great many in that region, the skins
having been shipped by Mr. Kennedy to St. Louis, where they
rarely brought more than $1.00 apiece. The average length of the
skins, Mr. Kennedy states, is from seven to eight feet to tip of tail ;
but he asserts that he has received two or three which were over
eleven feet long.

The government offers a bounty of $5.00 on the puma in this ter-
ritory, and therefore the skins brought in usually lack the scalp.

NOTES ON FERTILIZATION.

BY ALICE J. MERRITT.

TRICHOSTEMA LANCEOLATUM Benth. The tube of the corolla is
so bent back upon itself as to pretty effectually exclude small insects
that could otherwise enter. Ants small enough to pass through the
tube, were it not for the troublesome corner, are often seen upon the
plants; but, though many flowers were examined to determine the
method of fertilization, only one minute insect was found which had
succeeded in reaching the nectar. The dusty color of the foliage
renders this plant inconspicuous to a marked degree, but the bees
seem to find it readily, aided doubtless by the strong odor, which
probably warns grazing animals of its disagreeable taste. The bee
whose visits were watched is an Anthophora. As it alights on the
lower lip, its weight instantly straightens the tube, and brings the
long curved stamens and pistil against its back with sufficient force
to discharge much pollen. A bee too small to be struck by the
stamens would have too short a tongue to reach the nectar. The
anthers shed their pollen before the stigma matures, so that the bee,
in passing from the younger flowers near the top of the stem to the
more mature flowers at the bottom of the next cluster, is sure to
effect cross fertilization. . It is uncertain whether the stigmas mature
soon enough to be fertilized by their own pollen should cross fer-
tilization fail.

312 Notes on Phainopepla Nitens. [ZOE

ZAUSCHNERIA Catirornica Presl. The flowers have an oblique ~ —
position, with stamens and style close against the lower petals
and sepals. After the anthers begin to discharge their pollen, the
style lengthens until it is from % to % inch beyond them before it
unfolds its four lobes and exposes the rough, sticky, stigmatic surface.
The pollen is collected in little balls of a few grains each, and these
balls are held loosely together and to the anthers by cobwebby hairs.
The calyx tube is much constricted above the nectar. The hum-
ming birds are frequent visitors to these brilliant flowers, and they
can hardly fail to carry pollen on their throats or breasts. I have
watched Zauschneria when there were throngs of bees frequenting
less showy flowers near by and have seen but one bee visit it. Prob-
ably the shape of the flower prevents them from getting the nectar.
Its little bronze green visitor, however, seems small enough to reach
the constriction, and has, perhaps, a tongue sufficiently long to go
through to the nectar, after emerging from the tube. This bee in-
variably paused on the lower margin of the flower, and seemed to
be cleaning its antennz. In this process some pollen usually became
- attached to its legs and abdomen and might sometimes adhere to the
stigma of another flower. This, however, was not observed. Zausch-
neria seems to have some chance for close fertilization. Of course,
if the pollen simply fell, it would strike the under side of the stigma
lobes, not the stigmatic surface; but it usually remains attached to
the anthers for some time after the stigma is exposed, and the little
masses sometimes swing down on their gossamer threads so far that |
the slightest jar would send them against their own stigma. During
a morning’s walk three flowers were seen that had been fertilized in
rather a novel way. A seed of the plant, with its tuft of hairs, had

been blown against a pollen mass with sufficient force to land it all
on the stigma.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON PHAINOPEPLA NITENS.
BY F. E. BLAISDELL.

The Phainopepla is a conspicuous summer resident in the western
part of San Diego County, where it is admired for its black, glossy

plumage, airy and graceful flight. Even within this region of its
distribution there are some localities where it is rarely seen, and this
1s no doubt due to the absence of its food plants and scarcity of trees.

VOL. 111. | Notes on Phainopepla Nitens. me ic

As a general thing it is rarely observed near the coast, except
along the San Diego and Sweetwater Rivers, where willows, cotton-
wood and oak trees are abundant, and the adjacent hills covered
with shrub oak, sumachs, buckthorn, and sage. Rarely seen on
the mesas about San Diego and other regions where Adenostoma
Jasciculatum, A. sparsifolium, Hosackia glabra, Rhus ovata, R. integ-
rifolia constitute the main flora. With the increased planting of or-
chards in these localities it is becoming more common.

It is occasionally observed at Coronado since the planting of the
avenues with Fucalyptus, Cupressus macrocarpa, Olea Europea,
Abies excelsa, Schinus molle, Ficus carica, Grevillea robusta, Cit-
rus and palms, but I have never observed it nesting there. In
favorable localities it is common and breeds.

Among children and those not conversant with ornithology it is
known by the following names:—

Black Crested Flycatcher, Black Mocking Bird, Mountain Phoebe,
and Red Eves.

~The Phainopepla arrives at Poway about the first of May, the
males usually arriving several days before the females. They are
rarely seen after the middle of August.

Poway Valley is situated twenty miles northeast of San Diego, four-
teen miles from the seacoast, and thirty miles distant from the edge
of the coniferous belt, with an elevation of 700 feet.

The principal plants of this region are: Quercus dumosa, CU. agri-
folia, Platanus racemosus, Populus Wislizeni,* Alnus oblongifolia,*
species of Salix, Rhus laurina, Rhamnus crocea, Prunus demissa,*
Sambucus glauca, Ceanothus sorediatus,* Adenostoma sparsifolium,
A. fasciculatum, Artemisia Californica, Opuntia occidentalis, O. pro-
lifera.

Shortly after arrival the male selects a site for a nest and proceeds
to its construction, which may be completed before the female ar-
rives, but if not she assists. Late arrivals commence labor together.
The mates make alternate trips to and from the nest in search
of building material, one remaining upon the slowly growing nest,
arranging the last accession and pressing it into place; as the return-
ing mate approaches, they exchange a purring salutation and ex-
change places. The nests are placed at varying distances from the

*But sparsely distributed.

$14: Botany of Mariposa. _ [Zoe 4

ground, from four to even fifty feet. The materials used are prickly or
viscid. The fruit and leaves of some of the members of the Borage
family have the preference, together with the leaves and down of
species of Gnaphalium, all being bound together by spiders’ web;
the interior of the nest is thinly lined with bits of wool, hair, and
down. When completed the nest is fragile, and not sufficient to sup-

port the rapidly growing young, and if not placed on a good sup- 4

port, is very liable to give way, and endanger its inmates to the per-
ils of a fall. “4

The eggs are two (frequently), three (usually), or four (rarely),
innumber. The mates take turns in the act of incubation, The -
young are abundantly fed on the berries of Rhamnus crocea, Rhus
Jaurina, and near to and within the coniferous belt upon the fruit of
Rhamnus Californica. When disturbed the young birds disgorge
the ingesta. The food of the adults consists of berries and insects,
and they are beneficial rather than injurious about orchards.

MARIPOSA COUNTY AS A BOTANICAL DISTRICT.
IV.
BY J. W. CONGDON.

THE SUBALPINE REGION.

We have now reached that portion of our county which forms in
summer by far its most pleasant and beautiful region. It consists of
several uneven plateaus lying between the higher ridges of the
mountains and also includes the tops of the lower ridges. While
the sides of the mountains up to the limit of tree growth and much
of the more level ground are covered with heavy timber, there are,
along the water courses, many large open natural meadows where
the luxuriant grass, mingled with numberless flowers of varied and
beautiful hues, form in this State almost our only representatives of
the luxuriant meadows of the east.

The altitude of this region varies from 4,000 to 8,500 feet, thus
including all the lower and wooded mountains, and it extends up the

higher ones to the upper limit of trees, which is usually about 8,000
feet or alittle more.

VoL. 111. | Botany of Mariposa. 315

This tract is pierced by two deep valleys,—the Yosemite and
Wawona Valleys, occupied respectively by the main Merced River
and the South Fork. The vegetation of these valleys, the floor of
which lies from 2,000 to 4,000 feet below the subalpine region proper,
consequently includes a larger proportion of plants which belong
lower down; but these lower levels are too narrow, and the cliffs
that border them and furnish the life-giving supplies of water are -
so lofty and so tull of subalpine vegetation themselves, that they
furnish the great majority of the species and control the general
character of the vegetation. Hence, in these articles, these great
valleys will be considered in connection with the great plateaus
through which they cut their deep and narrow channels.

The trees of this region include all or nearly all of those belonging
to the coniferous belt. Mingled with these are tound the splendid
red fir of the Sierras (Aézes magnifica Murr.); the Jeffrey or black
pine (Pinus Jeffreyi Murr.); and the tamarack pine (Pius murray-
ana, Murr., P..contorta var. Bot. Cal.) In the upper part of this
region the mountain white pine (Pznus monticola Dougl.) and the
mountain spruce (7suga Pattoniana Engelm.) become common,
while in the Big Tree Grove, south of the South Fork, the huge
Sequoias (.S. gigantea Decaisne) occupy a limited space, fortu-
nately preserved from the spoliation of the lumbermen.

The less heavy and continuous forest, the more open country,and
the greater variety of soil and exposure,combine to produce a much
more abundant and varied vegetation, while the neighborhood of
the loftier summits and the abundance of water prevent the excessive
heat and horrible dryness which, in the foothills, makes life in the
summer a burden and outdoor activity during the greater part of
the day terribly exhausting and often positively dangerous.

These circumstances tend to make this whole region the most de-
lightful and healthful summer resort in our State. While the stu-
pendous scenery and the pleasant climate of the Yosemite are a
perpetual feast to the lingering as well as the transient visitor, the
other portions of this region, though they may not boast such grand
scenery, yet have compensating advantages which make them even
more attractive to the seekers for health and rest who desire to
make a longer and more leisurely stay than the ordinary tourist.
- For such of these who prefer or are compelled to limit themselves to

a

316 _ Botany of Mariposa. [ZOE

established routes and demand the luxurious accommodations of the
modern summer resort, Wawona offers a really pleasanter summer
home than the valley itself, under present conditions. But for those
seeking pleasure or science who find it agreeable for a while at least
to escape the burdens as well as the luxuries of our pampered civili-
zation and enjoy a brief season in the solitary woods, and moun.
‘tains, this furnishes the best possible opportunity for the gratification
of their desires. The high plateaus adjacent to Mt. Raymond and
the Big Trees, the great divide between the south fork and the main
Merced River, over which the Glacier Point Turnpike passes, and
still more the region north of the Yosemite, including Lake Tenaya
and extending out of the county to the Soda Springs of the Tuol-
umne, offer to camping parties of the right kind the most delight-
ful, opportunities for a stay of weeks or even months. In this last
locality they are brought within easy access of all the high moun-
tains in that quarter. Cathedral Peak and Mts. Conness, Dana,
Lyell, Gibbs and others forrh the ramparts of a vast amphitheater,
and are easily within the reach of those ambitious of high ascents,
while all may enjoy the beautiful and exhilarating climate and other
manifold attractions which make life here delightful. Nearly the
whole of this region is within the limits of the national park, a cir-
cumstance which by wholly excluding the vast bands of sheep that
formerly devoured almost every green thing and denuded the
natural meadows of every vestige of grass, has made it. more acces-
sible to visitors, since there is abundance of forage for the requisite
animals and the surface of the country itself is far more luxuriant
and beautiful. ‘

Coming now to a more particular description of the flora of this
subalpine region, we refer the reader to former articles for the many —
species which, occurring first in the coniferous belt, extend into and
often become more abundant in this,as well as for the few which, be-:
ginning below the coniferous belt, ascend above its limits.

In the following list Y, as heretofore, indicates a plane of the Yo-

-semite Valley. W. indicates one of the Wawona valley, and M. G.
one chiefly found in the Mariposa grove of big trees, while the other
abbreviations also have the same meaning as before.

Thalictrum occidentale Gray. Borders of meadows.

sparsiflorum Turcz.

Banks of streams, 7,000 feet and
above.

VOL. I11.] _ Botany of Mariposa. 317

Ranunculus Flammula L. var. reptans Meyer. Y. & C.
alismzefolius Geyer. Crescent Lake.
occidentalis Nutt. var. tenellus Gray. W.
Caltha biflora DC. Crescent,Lake. A.
Aquilegia czerulea James. Y. Cultivated from native specimens.
Delphinium decorum F. & M. var. patens Gray. Crescent Lake.
Andersonii Gray. Upper Yosemite Creek. be
scopulorum Gray, var. glaucum Gray. Buck Camp, 7,000
- feet.
Aconitum Columbianum Nutt. Buck Camp. Upper Yosemite
Creek.
Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Y. (Bot. Cal.)
crassifolia Graham. Peregoy’s.
Arabis platysperma Gray. Dry slopes, 6,000 to 7,000 feet.
repanda Wats. Y. W.
Holboellii Hornem. Y.
Erysimum asperum DC. var. pumilum Wats. Crescent Lake.
Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. Cloud's Rest.
Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. Y. W.
Subularia aquatica L. Crescent Lake.
Viola blanda Willd. Y. Crescent Lake.
glabella Nutt. Occasional, 6,000 feet.
Stellaria crispa C.& S. Y. Cliffs, etc.
umbellata Turcz. Buck Camp.
longipes Goldie. Everywhere.
Jamesii Torr. Y. Frequent below 7,5 00 feet.
Arenaria capillaris Poir. Glacier Lake.
Calandrinia pygmeea Gray. A. Buck Camp, 7,500 feet and above.
Claytonia Chamissonis Esch. Frequent at 6,000 feet and above.
triphylla Wats. Frequent at 6,000 feet and above.
Spraguea umbellata Torr. Sandy soil but rare below 6,000 feet
Linum digynum Gray. x osemite Trail (Bot. Cal.)
Geranium Richardsoni F. & M. Buck Camp.
incisum Nutt. Y. Weete
Ceanothus prostratus Benth. Rocks at about 6,000 feet.
Acer glabrum Torr. Yosemite cliffs.

318 Botany of Mariposa. [ Z0E

Lupinus ornatus Dougl. Crescent Lake.
sericeus Pursh. Mts. Buena Vista and Surprise, 8,000 feet.
confertus Keil. Glacier Point Turnpike, etc. Y.
Andersoni var. Grayi Wats. W.
parviflorus Nutt. Y. ,
laxiflorus Doug]. Inspiration Point, etc.
minimus Dougl. . Lake Tenaya.
Breweri Gray. Above Yosemite 7,000 feet. Crescent
Lake.
Trifolium longipes Nutt. Perégoy’s, etc.”
. Bolanderi Gray. Peregoy’s, etc.
monanthum Gray. W. Glacier Point Turnpike.
Hosackia Torreyi Gray. W. 5,000 feet.
Astragalus Bolanderi Gray. South of Yosemite. 7,000 feet.
Spirzea betulifolia Pallas. Y., etc.
discolor Pursh. var. dumosa Wats. 7,000 feet.
Geum macrophyllum Willd. Y. W.
Fragaria Virginiana Ehr. var. Illinoensis Gray. Y,
Potentilla gracilis Dougl. var. rigida Wats. Y.
Grayi Wats. Peregoy’s. Base of Mt. Hoffman, 7,000 feet.
gelida C. A. Meyer. Crescent Lake.
Horkelia fusca Lindl. Y. and above.
tridentata Torr. Y. W.
Ivesia unguiculata Gray. Y. (Bot. Cal.)
santolinoides Gray. South of Yosemite. 7,000 feet.
Pyrus occidentalis Wats. Crescent Lake, etc. 7,000 feet.
Saxifraga occidentalis Wats. Yosemite Cliffs. ,
bryophora Gray. Foot of Mt. Surprise, 7,500 feet.
Boykinia major Gray. Y. M. G.
Bolandra Californica Gray. Yosemite Cliffs.
Tellima tenella Walp. Yosemite Cliffs.
Mitella Breweri Gray. Peregoy’s, etc., 7,500 feet.
Heuchera rubescens Torr. Yosemite Cliffs, be
Parnassia palustris L. var.Californica Gray. Meadows. (ot. Cal.)
Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Lake Tenaya.
lacustre Poir var. molle Gray. Lake Tenaya,
cereum Dougl. South of Yosemite,
viscosissimum Pursh. Yosemite Cliffs

VOL, III. Botany of Mariposa. 319

Epilobium spicatum Lam, W., etc. 5,000 and 6,000 feet.
Watsoni Barbey. Cloud’s Rest.
alpinum L. Summit Chowchilla Mountain, etc.
origanifolium Lam. Same region as last. A.
brevistylum Barbey.? W.
glaberrimum Barbey. Common at 5,000 and 6,000 feet.
Gayophytum racemosum T. & G. Frequent.
pumilum Wats. Signal Pk.
Sanicula Nevadensis WV ats. 5,000 feet.
Carum Howellii C. & R. W. Snow Creek. 3,300 feet.
Eulophus (Podosciadium) Bolanderi C. & R. Yosemite Cliffs, ete.
Ligusticum apiifolium B. & H. Y. (Bot. Cal.)
Grayi C. & R. Crescent Lake, etc., 7,000 feet.
Cymopterus terebinthinus T. & G. Y., ete.
Garrya Fremontii Torr. Yosemite Cliffs, etc.
Lonicera conjugialis Kell. Glacier Point, Crescent Lake. 7,000
feet.
cerulea L. Crescent Lake
Kellogia galioides Torr. W. Frequent at 5,000 and 6,000 feet.
Galium bifolium Wats. Peregoy’s, etc. 7,000 feet.
pubens Gray. Y. W. 5,000 feet.
Valeriana sylvatica Banks. Y. and above. A.
-Eupatorium occidentale Hook. Mt. Buena Vista. Yosemite
Cliffs. A.
Brickellia grandiflora Nutt. Y.
Chrysopsis Breweri Gray. Woods, 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
‘Aplopappus Whitneyi Gray. Wooded slopes, -7,000 feet. -
-cuneatus Gray Rocks. - Y. & C. 6,000 feet.
Bloomeri Gray. South of Yosemite. 7,000 feet.
Aster campestris Nutt var. BloomeriGray. Lake Tenaya.
: adscendens Lindl. Y. Crescent Lake, etc.
integrifolius Nutt. Crescent Lake, etc. 7,500 feet.
occidentalis Nutt. Y. and W. Common, 5,000 feet.
Fremonti Gray. Yosemite region.
Andersoni Gray. South of Yosemite. Abundant on
shores of subalpine lakes, 7,000 feet and above.
Erigeron salsuginosus Gray. Yosemite Cliffs. Crescent Lake.

7,500 feet.
Breweri Gray. W. Y. Below 6,000 feet.

320 ; _ Botany of Mariposa. [ZOE

Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Yosemite Cliffs, Crescent Lake, etc.
Rudbeckia Californica Gray. M. G.
Wyethia mollis Gray. Y. and above Lake Tenaya.
Madia Bolanderi Gray. M. G.
Hemizonella minima Gray. Above Yosemite. (Bot. Cal.)
Whitneya dealbata Gray. M. G., etc., 6,000 feet.
Hulsea brevifolia Gray. Y. and above.
Cheenactis Douglasii H. & A. W. Y.., etc.
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Y. ,
Rothrockii Gray. Crescent Lake. A.
Senecio lugens Richardson. Crescent Lake, etc.
triangularis Hook. M. G. Common at 5,000 to 6,000 feet.
Arnica cordifolia Hook. Yosemite Cliffs.
Chamissonis Less. Yosemite Cliffs.
viscosa Gray. Base Cloud’s Rest. :
Phalacroseris Bolanderi Gray. South of Yosemite. 7,000 feet.
Stephanomeria lactucina Gray. M. G.
Crepis acuminata Nutt. Buck Camp. 7,500 feet. A.
Troximon Nuttallii Gray. Base Cloud’s Rest.
Hieracium horridum Fries. (Breweri Gray.) 7,500 feet above.
Yosemite. |
albiflorum Hook var. flavum. Nevada Falls trail. a
Vaccinium myrtillus L. Crescent Lake. :
var. microphyllum Hook. Same.
occidentale Gray. South of Yosemite. 7,500 feet.
Arctostaphylos Nevadensis Gray. Not rare at 7,000 feet.
Leucothée Davisie Torr. Signal Pk. 6,000 feet.
Kalmia glauca L. Crescent Lake, etc. 7,500 feet.
Ledum glandulosum Nutt. Chihuahua Creek. 6, 500 feet.
Pyrola secunda Ait. Occasional above 7,000 feet.
Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. W. Common at 5,000 to 7,000 feet ,
in the woods.
Pleuricospora fimbriolata Gray. M. G.; etc.
- Gentiana Amarella L. var. acuta Hook. Above Yosemite. (Bot.
Cal.)
simplex Gray. South of Yosemite, 7,000 feet.
Newberryi Gray. Slopes of Mt. Buena Vista, 8,000 feet.
Frasera speciosa Dougl. Glacier Point.

»

VOL. III. Botany of Mariposa. 32i-

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Crescent Lake.
Phlox Douglasii Hook. Above Yosemite, etc. 7,000 feet. A.
Gilia tenella Gray. South of Yosemite. (Bot. Cal.)
pungens Benth. Y.
aggregata Spreng. Above Yosemite, etc. 7,000 feet.
leptomeria Gray. Goose Lake. 6,500 feet.
Polemonium humile Willd. South of Yosemite. 7,000 feet.
Phacelia hydrophylloides Torr. Occasional at 6,000 feet.
pusilla Torr. Lake Tenaya.
Hesperochiron Californicus Wats. Peregoy’s.
Mertensia Sibirica Don. Common at 6,500 feet, ete.
Echinospermum diffusum Lehm. South of Yosemite. 7,000 feet.
floribundum Lehm. Same region. :
Collinsia Torreyi Gray. Y. Common below 7,000 feet.
Penstemon Menziesii Hook. Y.
confertus Doug]. Y. Also A. in dwarf form.
latus Gray. Y. and above.
Mimulus leptaleus Gray. Glacier Point, Turnpike, etc. 6,000
feet.
Torreyi Gray. Not rare at 4,000 to 5,000 feet.
Lewisii Pursh. Chihuahua Creek, etc. 7,000 feet.
laciniatus Gray. Y. W.
rubellus Gray. Peregoy’s.
n. sp. Glacier Point Turnpike.
_ mephiticus Greene. Glacier Point. Lake Tenaya. A.
primuloides Benth. Y.& C. 5,000 to 6,0co feet.
Veronica alpina L. Crescent Lake. 7,500 feet.
Castilleia afinis Hook & Arn. Y. Crescent Lake, etc.
Lemmoni Gray. Lake Tenaya.
Orthocarpus lacerus Benth. Y. and above.
Pedicularis Groenlandica Retz. Lake Tenaya.
attollens Gray. Crescent Lake.
semibarbata Gray. Forests at 5,000 feet.
Utricularia vulgaris L. Y. _
Rumex paucifolius Nutt. Little Yosemite, Lake Tenaya. _

ce Botany of Mariposa. [Z0E

Polygonum minimum Wats. Lake Tenaya.
ramosissimum Michx. Y.
tenue Michx. Y. and above.
Bidwelliz Wats. Crescent Lake.
Bistorta. L. Y. and above.
polymorphum Ledeb. Glacier Point, Lake Tenaya.
Eriogonum stellatum Benth. Crescent Lake.
Torreyanum Gray. Crescent Lake.
incanum T. & G. Nevada Falls trail. 7,000 feet. A.
marifolium T. & G. Nevada Falls trail. 7,000 feet. | A.
spergulinum Gray. Peregoy’s, etc. 7,000 feet. A.
Wrightii Torr. Chihuahua Falls. 6,000 feet.
Myrica Hartwegi Wats. Banks of Big Creek. 5,000 feet.
Salix Sitchensis Sanson. Glacier Point Turnpike.
Lemmoni Bebb. - Not rare’at 4,000 and 5,000 feet.
Californica Bebb. Crescent Lake.
Populus trichocarpa-T. & G. Y. .
Castanopsis chrysophylla. A. DC. W.,etc. 5,000 to 6,000 feet.
Phoradendron Bolleanum Eichl. Signal Pk., etc., on Abies con-

color.
Junipetinum Engelm. Common on Libocedrus at 5,000
feet.
Arceuthobium Americanum Nutt. Little Yosemite on Pinus
Murrayana.

Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Nevada Falls. Lake Tenaya.

Sequoia gigantea Decaisne. M. G.

Abies magnifica Murr. Glacier Point, etc. 7,000 feet.

Tsuga Pattoniana Engelm. — .

Pinus monticola Dougl. Not rare at 7,000 and 8,000 feet. A.
Jeffreyi Murr. Glacier Pt., etc. 6,000 to 7,000 feet.
Murrayana Balf. Y. and more common above 7,000 feet.

Habenaria leucostachys Wats. Brooks at 5,000 to 7,000 feet.
sparsiflora Wats. Summit Mt. Chowchilla, 6, 500 feet.
hyperborea R. Br. Crescent Lake.

Goodyera Menziesii Lindl. Pine forests at 4,500 to 6,000 feet.

Epipactis gigantea Dougl. Chihuahua Creek. 6,000 feet.

Cypripedium montanum Dougl. W. Y.

Iris longipetala Herb. Y.

VOL. uL | Botany of Mariposa. 323

Sisyrinchium Californicum Ait.

Allium validum Wats. Buck Camp, Lake Tenaya. 7,500 feet.

~ Sanbornii Wood. Y. (Bot. Cal.)
bisceptrum Wats. Crescent Lake, etc.
tribracteatum Torr. Glacier Lake.

Camassia Leichtlinii Wats. Meadows, Glacier Pt. Turnpike.

Lilium parvum Kell. Y. and above.

Veratrum Californicum Durand. W. Crescent Lake.

Zygadenus venenosus Wats. Y. and above.

Sparganium simplex Huds. Crescent Lake, etc.

Potamogeton Claytonii Tuck. Y. (Bot. Cal.)
natans L. Crescent Lake.

Luzula spadicea DC. var. melanocarpa Meyer. Not rare at

6,000 feet and above. :
divaricata Wats. Base of Mt. Hoffman.

Juncus Drummondii Meyer. Crescent Lake,etc. 7,000 feet. A.
Nevadensis Wats. Crescent Lake, etc. 7,000 feet. A.
oxymeris Engelm. W. M. G.
pheeocephalus Engelm. Not rare, 5,000 feet and above.
obtusatus Engelm. Big Creek, 5,000 feet.
chlorocephalus Engelm. Y. Tenaya trail.

Scirpus carinatus Gray. Y.
sylvaticus L. var. ‘digynus Boeckl. Buck.Camp.
criniger Gray. Lake Tenaya.

Hemicarpha occidentalis Gray. Sandy beds of Merced and South

Fork.

Eleocharis obtusa Schultes. Y.

Fimbristylis capillaris Gray. Y.

Carex filifolia Nutt. Nevada Falls trail, Lake Tenaya. 7,000

feet. A.
Douglasii Boott. Y. (Bot. Cal.)
Hoodii Boott. Y. (Bot. Cal.)
illita Bailey. Y. and above. ‘
specifica Bailey. Yosemite region.
straminea Schk. var. congesta Boott. A. Above 7,000 feet.

athrostachya Olney. Y.

tenuirostris Olney. Lake Tenaya.
- canescens. L.W., (Bot. Cal.)

324 Botany of Mariposa. [ZOE

Carex echinata Murr. Above 4,500 feet.

scoparia Schk. var. fulva W. Boott. Above 5,000 feet.

adusta Boott. W. and above.

quadrifida Bailey. Lake Tenaya.

Raynoldsii Dewey. Lake Tenaya.

globosa Boott. Yosemite Cliffs, ete.

amplifolia Boott. W.

Yosemitana Bailey. Y.

Whitneyi Olney. Y.

Sartwelliana Olney. -Y.

luzulzefolia Boott. Crescent Lake.

fulva Good var. Hornschuchiana Boott. | Y.

lanuginosa Boott. Yosemite region. W.

trichocarpa Muhl var. imberbis Gray. | Royal Arch Lake.

vesicaria L. Y,

utriculata Boott. Royal Arch Lake.

Phleum alpinum L. Glacier’ Point. Meadows, etc., 7,000
feet. A.
Sporobolus depauperatus Scrib. Y.
_ gracillimus Vasey. Y. and above.
Agrostis equivalvis Trin. M. G. (Bot. Cal.)

exarata Trin. Frequent above 4,500 feet. A.

varians Trin.? Mt. Buena Vista. A.

elata Trin. Y.

scabra Willd. Everywhere above 4,000 feet,

Cinna arundinacea L. Royal Arch Lake, etc.
-Muhlenbergia gracilis Trin. Y. (Bot. Cal.) Lake Tenaya.
_ Vaseya comata Thurb. Y. and above. I
Deyeuxia Canadensis Beauv. Royal Arch Lake.

Langsdorffii Kunth. Crescent Lake, etc., 7,000 feet.

stricta Trin. Yosemite region.

Stipa occidentalis Thurb. F requent above 7,000 feet. A,

Kingii Boland. Lake Tenaya. ——
Danthonia sericea Nutt. Yosemite trail. (Bot. Cal.) 7
Trisetum subspicatum Beauv. Frequent. A. Above 7,000 feet. :

var. molle Gray. F requent. A. Above 7,000 feet.
Deschampsia czespitosa Beauv. Crescent Lake. Lake Tenaya.

A. :

VOL. 111. | . Notes on Otters. 328

Melica stricta Boland. Yosemite Cliffs.
fugax Boland. Frequent above 6,000 feet.
Glyceria fluitans. R.Br. Y.
nervata Trin. Frequent above 4,000 feet.
pauciflora Pres]. W., etc.
Agropyrum violaceum Lange. Upper slopes of the mountains.

Cheilanthes Californica Mett. Y.
Pellza Breweri Eaton. Yosemite Cliffs.
densa Hook. Yosemite Cliffs.
Bridgesii Hook. Yosemite Cliffs.
Cryptogramme acrostichoides. R.Br. Yosemite Cliffs. Moun-
tain slopes.
Aspidium Nevadense Eaton.

These species, 295 in number, of which only 21 are certainly
known to extend above to the proper alpine heights, taken with the
39 species in common with the plains and lower foothills, and the 75
species which reach here from the coniferous belt, make a total of
409 native species, which constitute the entire proper flora of the
district.. Scarcely a trace of the naturalized plants of the lower re-
gions here appears except in the cultivated grounds at Wawona and
in the Yosemite, and no attempt is here made to take any account of
them nor of some common plants that are limited to the cultivated
fields and meadows in both valleys, and are as much introduced plants
where they are found as the recognized weeds that grow with them.

——

NOTES ON OTTERS.

BY SAM HUBBARD, JR.
SEA OTTER (Linhydris lutris).

The coast of Washington from Gray’s Harbor north to Cape Flat-
tery is the only part of the United States in which the sea otter is
now hunted outside of Alaska. This interesting and valuable fur
bearer, unlike its cousin, the land otter, lives in the ocean, and is
rarely known to come ashore. A full-grown sea otter is about as
large as a setter dog, with a thick, chunky head, and a mouth full
of formidable looking teeth. It has short fore legs, not over six or

326 Notes on Otters. . Pee F i353

eight inches long, terminating in soft, round paws, while instead of
having hind legs like a land otter it has seal-like flippers, but unlike
the seal the otter has a round tail about a foot long, covered with
beautiful fur.

In color otters vary somewhat. The young are a rich brown;
from this they change, in the adult animal, intoa deep, glossy black,
the more valuable skins being sprinkled with long white hairs, giv-
ing that silver-gray appearance which is so much prized. As they
grow older the white hairs predominate, so that some of the largest
skins will be grizzled gray ail over, lighter on the belly and darker
on the back. The skin is very loose, lying almost in folds, so that
from an animal but little over three feet in length comes a skin
which easily stretches to six feet and over. The fur is very thick
and beautiful, and nearly an inch long, and has no full covering of
thick, coarse hair, as in the case of beaver and land otter skins.

Mr. Damon, who lives on Damon’s Point, which is the north spit
at the entrance of Gray’s Harbor, once caught a young otter which
had wandered into the bay and become stranded ona sand spit near
his house. He brought the little fellow home, provided him with a
tub of water, and gave him all the care possible, but during the night
he escaped from the tub and was found dead in the morning.

I also saw a cub that was killed by the Indians at the Quinault
Reservation. It was brown all over, and the skin was worth about

fifteen dollars.
_ Their principal food consists of clams and crabs, but they doubt-
less catch some fish also. They obtain their food by diving for it
right in the edge of the surf, and it seems as though the heavier the
breakers the more they enjoy the sport. When they catch crabs
(which seem to form their principal diet), they come to the surface
of the water, and, floating on their backs, place the crabs on their
breasts and proceed to tear them to pieces with their short fore paws.
The Indians also claim that they carry their young in the same man-
ner. Many of the larger skins have a worn spot on the breast owing
to its constant use as a table. Z :

There are some large beds of kelp a few miles off the coast, and
on these the young are born, usually two in number. Owing to the
fact of these animals living all the year round in the cold waters of

the North Pacific, the fur seems to be just as good in the summer as
. it is in the winter,

VOL. 111. ] Notes on Otters. 327

They are hunted by both white men and Indians, who shoot them with
heavy rifles especially manufactured for long-range purposes. This
is probably the most difficult rifle shooting in the world, the success-
ful hunter requiring extraordinary skill and vast patience, plentifully
sprinkled with good luck. In the first place the otter is very shy,
and all shooting is done at from two to six hundred yards. Then
the otter merely shows his head and a small portion of his hips,
which makes a very small mark at that distance. Again he rarely
approaches shore except in rough weather, so that he is always bob-
bing up and down on the big rollers, and usually with a high wind
blowing. With all these difficulties to contend with it is no wonder
that several hundred shots are fired to each otter obtained, and also
that from two to four otters are considered a good year’s work. The
price of skins on the beach ranges from $50 to $250 each according
to size and quality, the average being somewhere near $125. Twenty
or thirty years ago the otters were much more plentiful than at pres-
ent, bands of several hundred being seen ata time, and in those days
the hunter would get as many in a month as he now gets in a year,
but at the same time the price of the skins was about half what it is
at present.

When the white men first began to make a business of hunting
otter in the palmy days of old, when they were plentiful, they se-
lected spruce trees which stood conveniently close to the water, and
constructed platforms in them about twenty or thirty feet from the
ground. From these elevated stages they could overlook the surf
and discern their game much more readily than from the beach. As
the otters became wilder and kept farther away, the necessity for
something better presented itself, so they constructed what are
known as derricks, made of three long poles set up likea tripod and
surmounted on top by a small wooden box open at the top and one
side. These derricks are set up on the beach about half way be-
tween high and low water, the box,or crow’s nest, standing. about
twenty feet above the sand.

The hunter enters this as the tide is coming in, so that at high
water he is on an elevated perch right in the midst of the breakers.
He is kept a prisoner there, however, until the tide recedes suff-
ciently to allow him to go ashore. Ifhe is fortunate enough to kill
an otter he makes a note of the condition of the tide, the force and

328 . Notes on Otters. [ ZOE

direction of the wind, the drift of the current, etc. Then he patrols
the beach in the direction in which the otter is liable to come ashore,
and patiently waits for it to come jn. This sometimes takes two
days, but they all of them come ashore sooner or later. He also tells
his comrades, who likewise watch the beach, and they always re-
spect each other’s property. When hunters were more numerous
than they are at present they used to brand their bullets as an addi-
tional means of identification.

In the summer season when the weather is settled the Indians of
the Quinault Reservation venture out into the ocean in their canoes
and attack the otter out at sea. The white hunters object strongly
to this method of hunting, as they claim it makes the otters even
wilder than they are at present. Undoubtedly many otters are hit
that get away badly wounded. This is particularly the case when
pursued by the Indians in their canoes. They are notas good shots
as the white hunters, and. then they often find bands of otter and
shoot indiscriminately into the bunch.

Probably the most successful white hunter on the beach is a man
named Wetherell, who has hunted there a long time and has killed
a great many otters. About half way between Gray’s Harbor and
the Quinault River is the Copalis Rock, which stands in the ocean
some 600 yards from the beach. This rock has very precipitous
sides and its summit is perhaps forty feet above the water on a calm
day, but when there is a storm the great rollers come in and dash
themselves against this bold sentinel until the spray runs in snowy
cascades down his grim sides and the shock of the impact makes
him tremble to the very foundation. On this wild spot Wetherell
determined to build a house and shoot sea otter—and he did it.

The rock can only be approached in calm weather, so with the
aid of some Indians and their canoes he carried lumber out there and
built a small hut on the highest point of the rock and securely bolted
it down. He carried out food and water and here he used to stay,
sometimes kept prisoner for three or four weeks at a time, but en-
joying magnificent opportunities to shoot otters as they swam by.
He established a code of signals and also had a blackboard on which
he used to write the direction a dead otter was drifting. This was
read by means of a glass by his confederates on shore, who picked -
them up as they drifted in. This was a very successful stand for a

VOL. ut. | Notes on Otters. 329

long time, until they shot there so much that the otters became
alarmed and have ever since given the rock a wide berth. The otters
have other enemies as well as man. This was demonstrated to my
satisfaction by finding on the beach a dead one that had been killed
at sea. It had several long cuts in the skin and a great bruise as
though it had been bitten by some large animal. The otter hunters
said that it had probably been attacked by a shark or a sea lion while
lying asleep on the water. The otter probably had strength enough
to escape from its assailant, but finally succumbed to its wounds.
There was a peculiar crease on one of the hind flippers, which, on
skinning, proved to be an old bullet wound, as small pieces of lead
were found imbedded in the bone. '

The otter was quite fat and perfectly fresh when found, The fur
was glossy black, changing to dark brown underneath. The skin
was bought by a trader and fur. buyer, who paid $65 for it.

NORTH AMERICAN OTTER (Luéra canadensis).

Quinault Lake is in that forest wilderness that borders the Pacific
Ocean in the extreme western part of the great State of Washington.

The lake is about fifty miles north of Gray’s Harbor and some
thirty miles east of the ocean, and is drained by a fine river of the
same name, timbered along its shores by firs, hemlocks and cedars.
_ It is only within the last five years that this interesting country
has been explored by white men, consequently wild animals are still
tolerably abundant and may occasionally be seen in their native
fastnesses.

One beautiful evening in August I sat in my canoe about a quarter
ofa mile down the river from the lake and just above the first rapid.
The shadows had grown quite long, the millers and caddis flies had
come out of their leafy retreats and were flying over the stream,
while the eager trout were breaking water and exposing their silvery
sides with a recklessness that made my fisherman’s heart beat
stronger. The last fly had been fastened on the leader and I had
just seized the pole to push into the stream when some animals on
the opposite side of the river caught my eye. The first thought that
flashed through my mind was muskrats. No, they are too active
for muskrats; then they must be mink; too large for mink; they

“were otters. What a good time they were having too!

Fortunately the rifle was in the canoe, so I paddled quietly across

330 Notes on Otters. . [ ZOE

the stream, being careful to keep above them. The wind was blow-
ing up stream from them towards me, so they did not scent me and
appeared entirely unsuspicious.

I was nowowithin fifty yards of them; so as quietly as possible |
laid down the paddle and, picking up the rifle, let the boat drift. The
current carried me rapidly toward the otters and I was just about to
shoot when the canoe quietly grounded on a submerged rock and
hung poised in mid stream. I was now within thirty yards of the
game and had an unobstructed view of all their movements.

There were six of them in all, four pups and two adults. They
were diving for fish and each one that went down came up with a
trout in his mouth. He would then gulp him down without going
ashore, and at once dive for another. Their heads sticking above
the water, their mouths wide open, with the white of their lips and
gums showing, reminded me ofa lot of rubber tubes.

There was a moss-covered root sticking out of the water near by,
and every now and then a couple of the pups would climb out on
this and chase each other and _ play like two kittens.

While I watched them they caught six or eight trout from four to
six inches in length, bolting them down with evident relish.

All this time, however, the current was taking the older ones, who
seemed to do most of the fishing, further down the stream. This
was a reminder that it was time for me to take a hand in the game.
I waited until two of the pups crawled out on the root, and drawing
down as fine as possible on one of them I pressed the trigger.

Between those forest walls the roar of the gun sounded like a small
cannon. For a few seconds there was a great splashing and com-
motion and then all was still. Not an otter was to be seen. I had
apparently missed a dead shot. Impelled by a vicious shove from
the setting pole, the canoe shot alongside the root, and there, strug-
gling in the water behind it, was a fine young otter with a bullet hole
through his head. o

_ Otters sometimes follow down the streams of this region into tide
water. An old trapper once showed me an otter slide on the muddy
banks of the Hoquiam River not two miles from Gray’s Harbor, the
river at this point being a slough in which the tide ebbs and flows.
The slide was very faintly indicated and I should never have known
what it was if he had not pointed it out to me. Young otter are
readily tamed and make most interesting and pretty pets.

THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE UPON PACIFIC COAST
- BIRDS.
BY L. BELDING.

It has been the custom of American ornithologists to refer to the
birds of the damp forests on the coasts of Northern California, Ore-
gon, Washington, and British Columbia as the ‘dark, northwest
coast birds;’’ of the birds of the arid treeless areas east of the Cas-
cade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, of the Mojave and Colorado
deserts and Arizona, as the ‘‘bleached desert races;’’ of the resident

‘peculiar forms of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, as birds
of the ‘‘dry, hot interior,” thus referring to localized forms, which
migrate little, ifat all, and in the terms quoted, correctly conveying the
idea that the environment or climate inhabited by these forms is the
cause of their divergence from nearly related species and sub-spe-
cies. A familiar axiom carrying the same idea is, ‘‘ Migration holds
species fast, localization lets them slip,’’ the purport of which is that
birds which migrate and are subject to many conditions are much
less liable to change than those which do not migrate and are subject
to few conditions. Whatever potency natural selection or sexual
selection ay have in causing differentiation—and their operation
in this-direction seems very obscure—here, where there is such vari-
ety of climate, soil, and vegetation, consequent upon difference in
altitude and humidity, proximity to the ocean and removal from it, we -
may well consider climate as our most important factor in evolution.

Turning from birds to man, we see in our country, descendants of
people of various European nationalities who bear the impress of our
climate and the distinctive characteristics of Americans. Even the
pure-blooded Jew, whose occupations and modes of living vary but
little, is similarly affected, and I have noticed that the English Jew
resembles, more or less, the Englishman, the German Jew the Ger-
man, and I think the Polish Jew is different from any of these. It
is difficult to see how selection could have had much influence in
modifying the Jew.

The black man appears to be one of the ioral products of Africa,
the copper-colored man of America, but I would not venture to pre-
dict that the Caucasian and negro of America will in the dim future
become copper colored, and that our vexatious race problem will in

this way be solved, but I do venture to protest against giving the

theory of selection undue prominence.

A NEW JUMPING SPIDER.
BY JOHN L. CURTIS.

The subject of the following description is a spider which has been
carefully studied by the writer for some time past. It was recently |
submitted to Prof. G. W. Peckham, who has pronounced it a new
species of the genus Dendryphantes. Accordingly, I have thought
it timely to publish a short description of the spider, together with
such notes on habits, etc., as I have collected. The following will, I
think, sufficiently identify it.

oe DENDRYPHANTES “NEOLUS.

Total length, 5.4 mm.; width of abdomen, 2.2 mm.

Cephalothorax, length, 2.4 mm.; width, 2.2; height, 1.8 mm.

Legs, 8.3 mm., 5 mm, 4.6 mm., 6.2 mm. Patella and tibia of the
first, 2.7 mm.; patella and tibia of 2d, 1.6 mm.; patella and tibia of 3d,
1.6 mm.; patella and tibia of the 4th, 2 mm.; metatarsus and tarsus of
the 4th, 1.6 mm.

Total length, 6.7 mm.; width of abdomen, 2.6 mm.

Cephalothorax length, 2.6 mm.; width, 2 mm.; height, 1.6 mm.

Legs, 6.2 mm., 4.9 mm., 4.4 mm., 5.9 mm. Patella and tibia of
ist, 2 mm.; patella and tibia of 2d, 1.6 mm.; patella and tibia’ of 3d,
1.2 mm; patella and tibia of 4th, 1.8 mm.; metatarsus and tarsus of
4th, 1.7 min.

geCephalothorax moderately high, convex, a very little dilated
behind dorsal eyes with sides nearly vertical in front and rounded
behind, Ephalic part level, thoracic part falling rather abruptly.
Quadrangle of eyes occupying one-third of cephalothorax, one-half
wider than long,same width beforeand behind. First row of eyes bent,
inclined slightly downward, middle eyes sub-touching, lateral about
one-third as large as middle eyes and separated from them by one-
fourth of their own diameter. Eyes of second row midway between
dorsal and lateral eyes ¢, a little farther from dorsal than from lateral
eyes £. Dorsal eyes a little smaller than lateral eyes, farther from
each other than from lateral borders, forming a row as wide as the
cephalothorax at that place. Clypeus perhaps inclined a little back-
wards, one-third as high as middle eyes in ¢, four-fifths as high as
middle eyes in #. Falces wider than the two middle eyes, reaching
to inner margins of lateral eyes, once and a halfas long as face ¢?,
divergent, inclined slightly forward. Fang strong ¢, vertical, paral-

VOL. III. | A New Jumping Spider, 324

lel; fang weaker . Maxillz blunt, cut on inner margin toward
labium. Labiuma little longer than wide, more than one-half as long
as maxilla; sternum oval, three-fourths longer than wide, project-
ing! between anterior coxa. Anterior coxze separated by a little
more than the width of the labium, much larger and longer than the
others, smaller and shorter in © than in ¢. Legs of first pair much
larger and longer than the others ¢, somewhat larger and longer
than the others?. Femoral joints compressed and enlarged. A few
spines on femur, patella, tibia and tarsus and metatarsus of first leg,
all but the patella of second, third and fourth legs, in terminal
ring on tarsus of third and fourth. In the first and second pairs the
spines are most numerous on the inner side of the leg. A few
femoral spines on the palpi.
COLORATION.

FEMALE.—Upper cephalothorax grayish-brown with slight bronze
cast and a space of polished black posteriorly just in front of the ab-
dominal juncture. Under side black with long white hairs sparse.

The background color of upper abdomen is black or deep brown,
with a heavy bronze cast over all. Beginning at the spinnerets and
extending about four-fifths of the abdominal length, are two narrow,
black or deep brown bands. Between these bands anteriorly is a light,
tawny-yellowish area divided centrally by a dark streak. More of.
this yellowish color is seen along outside the bands and on the fore-
part of the abdomen. There is a border of the same around the
anterior rim. Upon each of the black bands are four spots of the
same. Side abdomen light gray, under side same, darker along the
median line.

MALE.—The upper cephalothorax is usually black or has the
gray-brown color only in patches. The chief difference is in the up-_
per abdomen, which has the same ground-color and bronze cast but
no yellow markings except the anterior and side rim. The bands .
are obliterated, but often the posterior yellow spots remain.*

EXPLANATION OF MARKINGS.

The gray-brown color of the cephalothorax is due to short, stout,
slightly iridescent yellow scale-hairs scattered over the black integu-

*The foregoing description was made with a lens of a power of four or five
diameters. The following was made with a compound microscope of about
fifty diameters. .

334 A New Jumping Spider. [ZOE

ment. The side color is due to the same scales and the black line
along the rim is due to the absence of them. The yellowish clypeus
is caused partly by long hairs and partly by scales. In the male the
coloring of the clypeus is not so clearly yellow because the hairs and
scales are sparser. In the upper cephalothorax these yellowish
scales are interspersed with other scale-hairs of like shape but of
a grayish color and most brilliant iridescence, which are particularly
numerous on the forepart and produce the bronzeluster. In some,
especially in young specimens, these scale-hairs are thick all over.
The skin color of the upper abdomen is deep brown or black, usu-
ally appearing brown to the eye but under the microscope black
with long black hairs. The yellow markings are formed of hairs
like those on the cephalothorax, while the longitudinal dark bands
are simply parts of the dark integument set in relief by the yellow
scale-hairs. The yellow along outside of bands is in natural females
a close collection of these scales, but in gravid females it appears as
a series of oblique, backward streaks, one from each of the dots on
the bands. This indicates weak portions of the integument, which
stretch to make room for the eggs. Bronze hairs also, like those on
the cephalothorax, are thickly set between the bands posteriorly, out-
side the bands anteriorly, and on the forepart of the abdomen.
‘Others are scattered among the yellow hairs. The yellow border in
both sexes is composed in part of longer hairs than those forming the
other markings. The dark upper abdomen of the male is due to the
absence of yellow scale-hairs, although there are enough bronze
scale-hairs to give it a luster. The under abdomen has the same
black skin covered with nearly white scale-hairs of a smaller size than
the yellow ones, They are not so thickly set along the middle and
‘ the skin shows through, forming the darker central band. Male legs’
dark brown with darker brown rings, as follows: Last half of femur
dark brown with tip end lighter; last end of tibia gradually darker;
light scale-hairs on all except first two joints. The second pair of
legs have dark rings on patella, tibia and tarsus; metatarsus with a
black tip; scales as in first pair; third and fourth pair same. ‘Palpi
light brown, last joint dark, dark hairs on last joints, light hairs on
others; light yellow scales on femur and two succeeding joints;
mouth-parts, coxa: and sternum dark brown; anterior coxee darker
than posterior; falces nearly black; fang red-brown.

VOL, 111. ] A New Jumping Spider. 335

Female, first and second leg of a uniform light-brown with a black
tip, light and dark hairs, sparse scale-hairs on all except first two
joints. Third and fourth legs same with tarsus and metatarsus lighter.
Some have a narrow dark ring on tibia of the third and fourth pairs;
others havea dark ring on patella, tibia, and tarsus of the same.
Palpi light-brown with light hairs.

The markings of this spider often rub off, giving rise to individual
differences.

This brilliant bit of a spider is quite common about San Francisco
Bay, but has not yet been reported elsewhere. It is found on many
plants, but in gardens where I have observed it most, it is more fre-
quently seen on honeysuckle, rose bushes, live-oaks, and the shrub
known as laurestina. The last two seem to offer peculiar advan-
tages, for not only do the leaves lie closely together, but the oak
leaves are curled and the laurestina leaves are quite often rolled
lengthwise. Between two leaves in the one case, or within the rolled
leaf in the other, the spider finds a safe retreat, while the dead live-
oak leaves, where they lodge together in hollows, furnish spacious
cavities between them for the web domiciles.

The domicile is a simple flat tube, open at both ends, with some-
‘times an open branch tube from the main one. The spider enters
by inserting the fore legs between the sheets of webbing and holding
them apart asit forces its way in. If there is danger of intruding foes,
the spider holds the sheets together with the fore legs at the end
most threatened.

The flat cocoon which contains the yellowish eggs is made within
the tube, and the young ones share the parent domicile until after
the second moult, when they depart on aeronautic tours of explora-

tion for themselves.
‘The males and females appear as adults as early as April, but the
former become rare after the first of June and the latter after the first
of September. The females begin laying eggs in May. The num-
ber of cocoons made by a single female is not more than two, and
probably, judging from captives, the general rule is to make but one.
The eggs, about fifty in number, hatch on the average in about
twenty-five days, and the young are found at all times of the year.

DENDRYPHANTES NEOLUS is one of our so-called flying spiders,
the young being especially given to that progressive method of loco-

336 A New Jumping Spider. [ZOE

motion. Often, when sitting in the garden, I have had one alight
on my book, crawl to the top of my uplifted finger or pencil, and fly
away on its web or make it a bridge to some other and usually
higher point. The way of getting upon the breeze is in principle the
same as with all other flyers.. Arrived at the top of an elevation, the
spider raises the spinnerets and emits a thread, which the wind is al-
lowed to carry far enough to bear. If this is successful, it flies, but
if the thread catches, it simply fastens it where it stands, draws it in,
as it were hand over hand, until taut, and then crawls upon it to the
other attachment. In most cases the fly-line flows from the posterior
spinnerets, while from the anterior pair another thread is drawn, and
fastened to the point upon which the insect stands, so that it has a
returning line if the flying, at first successful, should afterward end
in failure. If the fly-line catches, the extra line simply strengthens
the first end of it, or affords return, should it break.

It can easily be seen that this way of traveling must be exceedingly
advantageous to these spiders, not only because of the ease and
speed which the web bridge allows, in crossing water, desert places,
patches of grass or clover and other obstructed routes, but also
because of the much greater speed and safety afforded by actual flight.
With spiders, as with men, however, the easiest and speediest ways
are most likely to be disastrous, as is shown in the following instance,
which illustrates as well the instinctive endowment enabling this
spider to overcome its natural enemies.

On a bright morning several years ago a pet lizard lay sunning
himself on a table in the yard, when a partly grown specimen of this
spider came sailing along and dropped down directly in front of him,
For a second or two the spider, unconscious of the great impending
danger, looked about in the seemingly intelligent way peculiar to
Attide. The lizard, as yet sluggish and unawakened, was pushed
toward it.. Instantly the careless attitude of the spider was changed
for the strategic; facing its enemy, it slowly, almost imperceptibly,
drew in its legs until it looked more like a tiny chip or the top
of a polished nail-head than like a spider. The saurian was then
moved around behind; eneolus, with fixed eyes and cautious move-
ments, turned to face him still. I put my fingers just behind the
spider, but it chose to face the greater, and, from the spider stand-
point, more imminent foe, and kept its eyes on the lizard. After
testing in various ways without touching it, I now slightly pushed

VOL. 11. ] Histeride in San Diego County. £339

the spider from behind with a pencil. With a sudden side jump and
a rapid dash along beside the lizard, it crawled under his outstretched
tail and dropped over the edge of the table into the grass. If the liz-
ard had been lively, the spider would not have fared so well, but as
it was, it not only escaped, but had more scope for showing its
instinct. In the first place, instinct seemed to tell that lizards are
dangerous animals. That is curious enough in itself. In the second
place, it had learned, or secured by inheritance, the exact strategem
which could save it from such enemies, if anything could. A lizard
never devours an insect that does not very perceptibly move. A
third conclusion that I drew was that the spider knew which
was the most dangerous end of the reptile. At any rate, it ran
under the tail, and, though in a decided hurry, seemed to feel safer
out of range of the lizard’s eyes than in running straight on to the
other end of the table. Making due allowance for any imagination
of mine on the last point, it must be conceded that such knowledge
of lizard habits in a spider shows considerable intelligence.

NOTES ON HISTERIDA® OBSERVED IN SAN DIEGO
COUNTY.

BY F. E. BLAISDELL.

Hototepta. This genus is represented by six well-defined
species, two of which I shall desc“*be as new. The individuals of
each, with two exceptions, are quit. numerous in their season.

HoLoLeptTa YUCATECA Mars. Found in the decaying fruit
of Cucurbita, Echinocactus viridescens, leaves and stalks of Opun-
tia occidentalis. The largest species of the genus, body greatly
depressed, head extended, with long, prominent mandibles. Men-
tum flat, impunctate; prosternum narrowed, and rounded at tip;
sides of body more or less arcuate. | Rather plentiful from May to
November. '

HoLOLEPTA PERVALIDA Sp. NOv. Form strongly oblong, nar-
rower and much less depressed than yucateca; sides parallel. Men-

tum nearly flat, strongly punctate laterally, rather sparsely so at
middle; prosternum intermediate between the preceding species and

338 : Hlisteride in San Diego County. [ ZOE

Jossularis; mandibles rather strongly curved and shorter. Length
17.5mm. Rare. Found in decaying Echinocactus viridescens.

HoLoLepta cacti Lec. Very abundant in decaying cacti, fre-
quently taken from beneath the bark of decaying and water-soaked
wood of the willow. Mentum concave, with strongly elevated lines;
prosternum narrowed and almost acute at tip.

HOLOLEPTA vicINA Lec. Common from July to November.
Found in the decaying fruit of Cucurdita. Mentum concave with-
out elevated lines; prosternum slightly narrowed, truncate, and
slightly emarginate at tip.

HOLOLEPTA NEGLECTA sp. nov. Narrower and more elongate
than vicina. Mentum feebly concave, lines rudimentary; pros-
ternum slightly narrowed, subtruncate. Sides of prothorax quite
evenly arcuate. Sides: of body moderately arcuate. Length 7
mm. Found in decaying squashes. Rare. This species was identi-
fied for me as /ucida, but is entirely different in habitat from
specimens subsequently obtained of that species.

HOLOLEPTA POPULNEA Lec. Taken from decaying cacti in the
eastern or desert portion of the county; common in Arizona.

HISTER SELLATUS Lec. Not common; in spring and early sum-
mer observed flying about sandy places near streams, also found
about the roots of plants. Elytra are marked with red.

HISTER SEXSTRIATUS Lec. Common; observed flying about on
warm days in spring, also found at the roots, of grasses and beneath
bark in rotten wood; a large black species.

HISTER MILITARIS Horn.’ In some seasons quite common. Fre-
quents the sandy banks of streams, and beneath débris in same local-
ity. Smaller species with each elytron marked with a red line.

TRIBALISTER MARGINELLUS Lec. Rare; taken from beneath
rocks in moist places.

| TRIBALUs CALIFoRNICUS Horn. A very small species and abun-
dant beneath bark, rocks, ete., in permanently moist places. I once
observed some six or eight individuals feeding upon a living Mela-
notus longulus. |

PAROMALUs opUNTIa Lec. Common; found in decaying fruit of —
species of Cucurbita, leaves and stalks of Opuntia occidentalis.

von. 11.) Mew American Rules of Nomenclature. 339 -

PAROMALUs Consors Lec. Common; frequents decaying vegeta-
ble matter. i

SAPRINUS OREGONENSIS Lec.’ Common about fetid vegetable
and animal matter. ’

SAPRINUS LUBRICUS Lec. and S. FRIMBRIATUS Lec. Abundant
everywhere, especially along the seashore about putrefying matter.

SAPRINUS CAERULESCENS Lec. Quite common in summer about
the dead bodies of snakes and small mammals.

SAPRINUS SULCIFRONS Lec. Common along the seashore be-
neath kelp.

VIEWS OF A WORKING BOTANIST ON THE NEW
AMERICAN RULES OF .NOMENCLATURE.

BY J. H. CONGDON.

Five of these rules are simply the practice of all good botanists
concisely expressed, and need no comment. No. VIII will never be
followed. It is simply an extravagant but logical extension of the
principle so rigidly expressed in rule No. t.

The sooner No. 4 falls into a state of innocuous desuetude, the
better. It will certainly get there.

As for No. t, in the rigid construction that will be claimed for it, it
is a deliberate sacrifice of the rights of the great majority of us to the
vagaries of ‘ndividuals. Where all the botanists of a country have
for a generation agreed on the use of certain names tor the vegeta-
tion of their own country, and everyone has learned them and be- —
‘come familiar with them, we do not intend to suffer some old pam-
phlet to be dug up by some musing bookworm from some pile of
forgotten rubbish in some back closet in some old library three thou-
sand miles away, where some old pedant has given a vague descrip-
tion from some traveler’s scrap of a plant which the author never saw
growing and really knows nothing about, to make all the rest of us
take up our botanical lists, which have become as familiar to us as
our alphabet, and rub out the old names associated with years of
study and observation in the field, and put in their miserable resuscl-

‘tated antiquities. We shall do nothing of the kind. We shall stick
to the old familiar words and leave the works of those that adopt
these new-old names to repose in the antiquated dust from which

- they were dug.

SOME NOTES ON AZOLLA.

BY DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL.

One of the most interesting of the native Pteridophytes of Califor-
nia is the widel¥ distributed Azolla filiculoides,occasionally called
‘‘water-fern.’’ This pretty little plant is common in many localities,
and when found at all, usually occurs in great numbers, and often
covers extensive stretches of quiet water with a dense purple-red
mantle so thick that the water is completely hidden. Sometimes,
however, a pond that is completely covered with the plant, may, after
a few months, show no trace of it beyond a few decaying fragments
that have sunk to the bottom, or are entangled among the Lemna
and other floating weeds on the surface. Whether this sudden dis-
appearance is due simply to the plant’s having completed its natural
term of existence, or to some other cause, I am unable to say. A
pond near the La Honda road, some dozen miles back of Palo Alto, ©
was visited repeatedly between November 1891 and May 1892, and
at all times was covered with a luxuriant growth of Azolla. The same
pond visited in September, showed not a single living plant, although
ripe spores were found in the decaying masses of plants at the bot-
tom of the pond, and these germinated promptly when set free and
placed in clear water. The pond has not been visited since, so I
cannot say whether or not a new generation of plants has appeared.

The genus Azolla is a small one, but widely distributed. Of the
four species usually recognized, tw are American, viz.: A. flicu-
loides and A. Caroliniana; A. nilotica is African, and A. pinnata is
Asiatic and Australasian. Both A. A/iculoides and A. Caroliniana are
attributed to California, but all specimens yet seen by me have be-.
longed to the former species, and as these included some from the
collection of the Academy of Sciences labeled 4. Caroliniana, I have
some doubts about this species occurring here. This is the species
of the eastern part of the continent, where it is widely distributed
and reaches as far south as Brazil. 4. filiculotdes occurs in Chile
and Peru, and probably pretty much all along the Pacific Coast.

As the life history of all the species was very imperfectly known,
an effort was made to clear up as far as possible the obscure points.
To this end observations were begun in November, 1891, and con-
tinued, with more or less interruption, for a year. Only a few of
the more important and general points brought~out by these investi-

*

VOL. I11.] Some Notes on Azolla. ae.
gations will be given here, as the details will be given in a somewhat
extended paper that has just been completed.

The plants multiply very rapidly by the detachment of branches
at the base, which become independent plants, and in this way the
plant spreads with great rapidity when once established. Besides
this method of multiplication, spores are formed which give rise to
a new generation of plants.

The spores are of two kinds, large ones (macrospores), and small
ones (microspores). The sporangea that contain these are borne in
separate receptacles, which usually occur in pairs. These are borne
on the lowest leaf of a branch, and an investigation of their earlier
stages shows that they are metamorphosed leaf-segments. The’ or-
dinary leaves are divided almost to the base, into two lobes, and in
the sporifergus leaves, one of these lobes is transformed into the ru-
diments of the sporocarps. This lobe is first divided into two equal
parts by a median cell wall, and each half then grows by an apical
cell to form the rudiments of the young sporocarp. At a very early
stage a ring-like wall is formed around the base of each rudiment,
and rapidly grows until it forms a cup, in which is contained the -
papilla-like sporangial receptacle. This cup finally closes at the top
and thus forms the closed capsule in which the sporangia are borne.
In the smaller ‘sporocarps a single macrosporangium, which almost
completely fills it, is formed, and this originates directly from the
apical cell of the sporocarp-rudiment. The microsporangia are pro-
duced many together, and the sporocarps containing them are larger.
The development of the two sorts of sporangia is at first much the
same, and follows closely that of the ordinary ferns, so much so, in-
deed, as to leave no doubt that Azolla is closely related to them.

A comparison of the whole sporocarp with the sorus of certain
ferns shows that its wall is really homologous with the indusium of
the latter.

If we examine the earlier stages of the macrosporangium we can-
not fail to be struck with its extraordinary resemblance to the young
ovule of many phanerogams, and the form and position of the indu-
sium suggest immediately its homology with the first integument of
the ovule. This is not so surprising when we remember that the
ovule is really nothing but a specially modified sporangium.

Up to a certain point the two kinds of sporangia develop alike, but
a difference becomes evident just before the formation of the spores.

Big? gi Some Notes on Azolla. © [ZOE
In the macrosporangium but eight spore mother cells are produced,
while in the microsporangium there are sixteen. In both cases,each
spore mother cell divides into four, in the usual way; but whereas all
of these develop more or less perfectly in the microsporangium, only
one comes to maturity in the macrosporangium, and develops into
the single large spore that fills its cavity.

Shortly before maturity the protoplasmic matter filling the micro-
sporangium separates into several masses (massulae) each of which
encloses a number of spores. The substance of the mature massulz
has a peculiar foamy appearance, and looks almost like a cellular tis-
sue, but examination shows that it is only hardened protoplastic mat-
ter,.and that the peculiar cellular appearance is caused by vacuoles
in it. In stained sections of the nearly ripe sporangium, the nuclei
of the disorganized tapetal cells can still be seen lying in the spaces
between the massulz, and are evidently concerned in the formation
of the glochidia, curious anchor-like outgrowths of the massule. ,

In the macrosporangium the protoplasmic matter surrounding the
spore is used to build up the curious epispore and appendages. The
epispore in Azolla filiculoides is composed of a substance very similar
to that of the massulz. It is provided with prominent irregular
knobs that have attached to them numerous fine threads. The up-

_per part of the spore is crowned with three pear-shaped masses: of
the same substance as the epispore. The ripe macrospore fills the
sporangium so completely, and the latter fits so closely into the in-
dusium, that its wall is so compressed as to be only discernible after
close scrutiny.

The sporangia are set free by the decay of the indusium, but this

_decay is only partial in the case of the macrosporangium, and the
upper part of the indusium becomes hard and dark-colored, and per-
sists as a little cap, covering the top of the spore, whose base finally
becomes entirely free by the decay of the sporangium wall. As the
massulz escape from the microsporangium, by the complete disor-
ganization of its wall, the glochidia stand out from them and by
their hooked ends become fastened to the threads that cover the
prominences on the surface of the macrospore, and often the massu-
lz are so numerous as to completely hide the lower part of the ma-
crospore. This is obviously a great assistance in fertilization, as the
germinating microspores are thus brought close to the macrospore.

In order to study the germination of the spores, sections must be

VOL. U1. | Some Notes on Azolla. . 343

made, as the first stages take place within the completely closed
spore. From the macrospore a small triangular prothallium is pro-
duced, which breaks open the apex of the spore, and pushes up be-
tween the three appendages on the top. A single archegonium is
formed at a very early stage, in the center. This resembles in its
essential features the archegonium of the ordinary ferns. In case
the first archegonium is not fecundated, several others may be formed,
but the growth of the prothallium is limited, and appears to cease
after the reserve fund in the spore is used up. If the first archego-
nium is fertilized, the egg-cell after secreting a,cellulose wall about
itself divides by a transverse wall. From the upper of the two
primary cells the stem and fine leaf of the young plant arise; from
the lower, the primary root and the foot (the organ by which the em-
bryo absorbs its nourishment from the spore). .

The microspore produces an extremely simple prothallium bearing
a single antheridium.

The ripe spores sink promptly when placed in clear water, but as
the embryo develops, large intercellular spaces are formed, which,
filling with gases, cause the young plant to rise to the surface.

The development of the prothallium, so far as could be determined,
is completed in about one week from the beginning of germination;
and it is almost as long before the young plant rises to the surface of
the water. These figures are necessarily only approximate, as there
is no means of telling how far germination has advanced without
killing the plant, and there is a great deal of difference in the time
when germination begins.

All species of Azolla have always associated with them a nostoc-
like plant of the genus Anabeena. The necklace-like chains of cells
of this plant are always found tangled about the growing point of
the Azolla stem, and as the leaves develop, a cavity is formed in each
one, into which the Anabeena filaments creep and form a colony.
They do not seem to affect the growth of the Azolla, but are simply
sheltered by it. As the sporocarps are forming, the Anabzena makes
its way into the open top where the cells enter a resting condition to
assume growth again when the spores germinate. When this takes
place, the Anabaena filaments surround the growing point of the
embryo, which is thus brought into contact with the parasite from

-

the very first.

NOTES CONCERNING THE FLORA OF SONORA.

3 BY T. S. BRANDEGEE.

Early in May the writer landed at Guaymas, the seaport of the —
State of Sonora, Mexico. This month of the year is never a good
one for observing the vegetation of the region, for the ground has
completely lost the moisture acquired during the rainy season, and
no new showers: are to be expected immediately. The time of
my visit was unusually unfavorable, for the rainfall of the preceding
rainy season had been small, and the vegetation of a dry earth under
a burning sun showed fewer signs of life than usual. The surface of
the country about Guaymas is very much diversified and eminently
suitable for a varied flora; the city itself is almost surrounded by high
cliffs and steep hills; the large harbor contains many islands, some
rocky and abrupt, some of a more gentle and rolling character, and
some extending into long sand-spits, but slightly elevated above high
tide. Its waters find their way into numerous small bays, situated
behind ridges and extending to the openings of long cafions, all of
which can easily be visited by obtaining the assistance of the clam-
orous boatmen. Any botanical collector who reaches this place is
likely to be visited by the same thoughts that often occurred to me
when, after climbing a high hill, I saw from the shade of some rock :
the exquisite panorama spread out before me, and pictured the glo-—
rious time Dr. Edward Palmer must have enjoyed, when, climbing
the rough hills covered with vegetation, crawling among rocks
steaming from recent rains, and sailing around and about the islands
and neighboring shores, he so carefully collected a flora then almost
unknown and abounding in species new to the scientific world. A
few plants were found, however, that do not seem to have been be-
fore noticed. One, that disagreeable bush Alamisquea emarginata,
was seen on the hills near the coast, and as later it was often met
with in the neighborhood of Hermosillo, it must be a common plant ,
of this part of Sonora. Helianthus dealbatus, in a depauperate form,
was found growing on one of the long sand-spits, and as its habitat
was supposed to be the seashore sands between San Quentin and Mag-
dalena Bay, this locality considerably extends its range. Palafoxia
“inearis also grows in sandy locations, and in saline soil near tide wa-
ter bushes of Avicennia nitida are sometimes seen.

-

VOL. 11.] The Flora of Sonora, 345

The cacti of the vicinity of Guaymas seem to have been somewhat
neglected and are not noticed in the accounts of its flora. Of course
they are difficult plants to make into botanical specimens, and disa-
greeable to come in contact with, but some of them, when in bloom,
are very attractive, and there is a species of Platopuntia, often grow-
ing among nearly black rocks that contrast so strongly with its bright
red joints as to make it seem from a distance like a mass of brilliantly
colored flowers, in fact at first I made the boatman land me on the
rocks, which I climbed, so as to be certain what it might be. This
cactus is known as ‘‘durasnillas,”’ and a little village near Hermosillo
that we visited later is named from it Las Durasnillas. A few plants
of ascarlet-flowered cereus grow ona sandy island, and afterwards it
was seen in abundance in the interior.

Near the city and in many parts of Sonora, Cereus Schottii, which
on the peninsula received not long ago the additional name C.
Sargentianus, is common and assumes the various forms in which it
grows on the peninsula of Lower California. The most distinct is
the one in which the top bears spines similar to the lower part, and,
although flower-bearing, large and old, entirely lacks those long
white spines so characteristic of this species.

Notwithstanding the adverse conditions, some of the well known
plants of the Guaymas flora were in full bloom. ofmetsterta cras-
sifolia blooms in the dry season, as does its near ally, H. fasciculata,
of Cabo San Lucas, and was now crowned by its myriad of light-pink

“flowers, and like its Lower Californian relative delights to grow on

cliffs just beyond the reach of the ocean spray. Now and then a
small tree of Guaiacum Coultert disdaining to follow the example of
the other members of its species, covered its leafless branches with
a mass of dark sky-blue flowers, and the brilliant effect of its erratic
conduct was increased by the staidness of its surroundings, for it was
a cloud of blue amongst a crowd of leafless grayish-brown bushes,
resting on an ash-colored and baked adobe soil.

Cesalpinia, Hyptis, Jacquinia, and other shrubs were evidently
endeavoring to produce blossoms and fruit, but the drought was so
excessive that only withered flowers were the result. That slender,
drooping acacia, 4. Willardiana, full of flowers and ripe pods, was

found to be abundant on rocky ledges west of the city, and again

later I was pleased to see it growing on a rocky hill almost within

the city limits of Hermosillo.

346 © The Flora of Sonora. [ZOE

The street railway of Guaymas ends in a semi-public park, in which
grow two trees with willow-like leaves that would not be recognized
as belonging to the fig family by anyone knowing only the cultivated
figs of California. The owner says they were brought from below
San Blas, and Dr. Palmer says that at least one of them grows also
wild in the neighboring cafons. These two trees from which were
collected the typical specimens of Ficus fasciculata and F. Sonore,
are separated by a short distance; one bears numerous aerial rootlets
and sends down to the earth roots from its branches; the other has
neither of these peculiarities, but, as /. Pal/meri, of Lower Califor-
nia, sometimes produces an abundance of aerial rootlets, and more
often has none, their presence or absence cannot be considered a
specific character. The two trees of Guaymas bear a general re-
semblance to one another; the leaves are alike, and at the time I
thought they were one species, and afterwards was surprised to learn
from Dr. Palmer that they represented types of two distinct species.
Dr. Gustav Eisen, a well-known expert in fig culture; who has seen
these same two trees, thinks it possible that they may represent the

_ male and female forms of a single species, and says: ‘‘/. fasciculata

‘

possesses in the April crop of figs very few male flowers, about half
a dozen to each fig, and these male flowers are situated in the region
around the eye (osteolar region), and are not found dispersed among
the female and gall flowers lower down,”’

Along the railway from Guaymas to Hermosillo and in the sur-
rounding region, one of the most abundant plants is the thorny bush, °
or small tree, O/neya Tesota. At this time all its flowers were open,
and they were so numerous that horses and cattle become fat eating
them from the branches within reach, and from the ground where
they have fallen.

The irrigated fields and gardens about Hermosillo were quite green
when compared with the surrounding country, and much vegetation
of interest was found, especially along the ditches and in the hedge
rows. The dry rocks and hills of course did not produce many —
plants at this time of the year, but some collections of Perityle made
among them, and by Dr. Eisen at San Miguel de Horcasitas, gave

. evidence that the awns of the pappus may be present or absent in

the same species. Area macroptera, a perennial plant, very com-
mon in the vicinity of Hermosillo, does not seem to suffer from the
lack of moisture, for along the roads and in the very driest situations

VOL. 111.] The Flora of Sonora. 347

its bright yellow flowers and winged seeds flourish amongst the sur-
rounding dried-out vegetation.
The most interesting part of Sonora visited was Las Durasnillas,
a small collection of houses about sixty miles from Hermosillo, near
a mountain range known as Sierra Matapan. At this place was found
a flora very different from any before seen, and some moist localities
along the base of the mountain had retained their green and grow-
ing vegetation longer than was to have been expected. The most
conspicuous plant was Cesalpinia pulcherrima, with its large and
handsome blossoms, compelling admiration from the least attentive.
The very dark-purple flowered Brongniartia Palmeri was equally
abundant. Some of the Pithecolobiums were in bloom, and under
one of them our camp was made, as they furnished more shade than
any other tree of the region, but a denser shade would have been
more agreeable, because the hot sun found many openings among
the scattered leaves and branches through which to send its rays.
Among the trees and shrubs some are so different from familiar forms
that they areaconstant source of interest, and even the inhabitants rec-
ognized their peculiarities, and, after exciting our curiosity, guided us to
the places where they grew. The cotton tree, Eviodendron acumin-
atum, is a singular trée, having the bark of its trunk thickly covered
with large thorns, with leaves like those of the buckeye or horsechest-
_ nut, and large yellow flowers that are followed by bolls of cotton four
or five inches long. When the fruit bursts and the tips of the twigs
and branches of a spreading tree twenty feet high are adorned with
good-sized bunches of cotton, the effect is very striking. Another
tree, with a trunk sometimes two feet in diameter, that is always
nearly white, and for that reason called ‘‘ Palo blanco,’’ surprises
even botanists when they observe its botanical relationship, for it is
an Ipomoea, a genus seen in more temperate climates only as low
twining herbaceous plants. Among so many interesting plants, a
few others are deserving of notice. Erythrina is represented by a
‘single species here, and in Lower California by another very distinct
one; both blossom in the spring, some time before the appearance of
the leaves, and both retain their long pods after the short-lived foliage
has fallen. The abundant large, dark maroon colored flowers
are as beautiful in April as are the open pods that expose their scarlet
beans in December. Cordia Sonore is completely covered with
flowers that persist on the bushes and assume different shades of

348 The Flora of Sonora. [ZOE

color as they wither. In the cafions is Vitex mollis, a tree that is
often planted in the gardens of Hermosillo, and many other plants
interesting botanically, among which the following, which seem to
have been undescribed, were found:—

-AputiLon (WissapuULA) cincTuM. Perennial, 4-6 dm. high,
stems slender, diffusely branching, white, with a thin appressed to-
mentum: leaves cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate, acute, on slender
pedicels of about the same length, upper surface appressed pubescent,
pubescence of the lower mixed with stellate hairs: flowers solitary
on stout pedicels shorter than the petioles, not jointed: bracts linear-
oblong, caducous: calyx cuneate at base, 10-angulate, cleft less than
half its length into five lanceolate acute lobes, covered with long
spreading hairs, which also occug sparingly on petioles, peduncles,
and on the margins and veins of the leaves: corolla 4-2 dm. broad,
light-purple or lilac, segments cuneate-obovate, inequilateral, twice
the length of calyx, tomentose in the angles, erose at summit:
stamineal column very short, horizontal: stamens 24 the length of
the petals; anthers by the unusual development of the double sep-
tum, spuriously two-celled, developing a large quantity of mucus
when wetted: ovary 3-celled; ovules three in each cell, the two up-
per collateral; styles three, capitate, united only at base, minutely
and sparsely stellate hairy; carpels three, rounded at apex, loculi-
cidally-dehiscent to the base within, two-thirds the length without,
constricted below the middle by a callous ring which is higher ante-
riorly and posteriorly than at the sides; upper seeds smooth, lower
conformed in shape to the cavity, tuberculate punctate at the sides,
and crowned by a hirsute ring; radicle superior.

This plant hardly belongs to the genus Wissadula, yet according
to Grisebach’s Flora of the West Indies, it would be included in the
Wissadula section of Abutilon. The constriction between the upper
and lower cells is not very apparent externally and does not amount
to occlusion of the lower, but insomuch as it approaches Abutilon
weakens Wissadula. The shortening of the stamineal column the
tricar ellary ovary and collateral ovules occur in other species of
Abutilon. It was collected near Las Durasnillas, Sonora, Mexico.

_ ANISACANTHUS ABDITUS. Perennial, the few stems virgate, in-
durated herbaceous, bearing short branches, leaves and flowers above,
the whole plant minutely puberulent and abounding in stipitate

VOL. 111. } Mamillaria Notesteinii Britton. 349

glands: leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. in length on slender, petioles
more than half as long, the uppermost reduced to sessile bracts:
proper bracts lighter green than the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, a pair
sessile in each of the upper axils, 8-12 mm. long, nearly twice the
length of the concealed calyx: flowers sessile, one or two in each
pair of bracts: calyx cleft to the base, lobes lanceolate-acuminate:
corolla rose-color 3-4 cm. long, the rather slender tube somewhat
curved and a little longer than the nearly equally cleft and spreading
lobes: anther cells muticous, parallel, one very slightly lengthened
below: capsule oblong, 2 cm. long, the stipe-like portion occupying
half the length; seeds flattened but thick, apparently violet in color,
- covered with short, sinuous ridges.

This plant was found growing about a spring on the Sierra Mata-
pan. Its habit and flowers resemble those of related species, but its
large bracts, of a lighter color than the leaves, make this a very
distinct one, and the numerous blossoms crowded at the upper part
of the stems surpass in beauty those of the well-known members.

of the genus Anisacanthus.

—>—

MAMILLARIA NOTESTEINII Britton,

Since the sending of my first specimen to Dr. Britton I have found
quite a plantation of them, and after examining a number have.
thought it best to modify the original description. :

Mamiciaria NoTESTEINU Britton, stems ovate, simple, or occa-
sionally caespitose, 2—8 cm. in diameter. Tubercles nearly terete and
about 2 cm. long, spines 12—18 white, becoming gray with age, ©
weak and slender, 1—2 cm. long, spreading. The central spine.
which is longer and stronger than the others, is generally tipped with
reddish-pink. Pubescent throughout. Flowers 2—4 cm. in diame-
ter, ash-gray, tinged and penciled with a delicate pink. Petals linear
oblong, mucronate tipped; sepals tringed; fruit scarlet, obovate; seed
black, globose, pitted. Soil and exposure to sunshine. changed the
amount of coloring and penciling. co oe ap ,

Found by the writer in gravelly soil, near a small. creek, in this
vicinity, June 4, 189I. _. F. N. NoTEsTEIN.

College of Montana, Deer Lodge, Mont.

NOTES © ON THE ANIMALS OF SOME WEST COAST
SHELLS.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

Ti€

. Trivia solandri Gray. A single living specimen of this beau-
tiful little mollusk recently collected by Miss Ida M. Shepard, at
Ballast Point, San Diego Bay, and which she kindly brought to me
for examination, enabled me to make the following note on the ani-
mal.” 4

-When the animal is fully extended, the mantle lobes completely
envelop the shell. The lobes are of a brownish flesh-color, thickly
though not closely crowded with mammillated. tubercles, about.
thirty-five on each side, flecked and frosted with whitish specks.
The tubercles vary some in size and form, the larger ones being
rounded and broad at the base, while the smaller ones are narrower
and more conical. The nipple-like processes that rise from their
‘summits vary in number from one to four on each tubercle, their
tips being also frosted with whitish specks. The spaces between
the tubercles are a shade darker than other portions of the mantle,
and peppered over with irregular black specks. The edges of the
mantle lobes that meet on the summit of the shell are lighter in color
than other portions of the mantle, and are also covered with black
specks like those between the tubercles.

When the animal is in motion the proboscis extends forward like
the bowsprit of a boat; it is about % an inch long, a shade or two
lighter than the mantles, flecked with whitish specks like those
on the tubercles, with its end slightly expanded and edged with
white. Two slender tentacles about ;, of an inch long when fully
extended protrude from the head near the base of the proboscis, each
one bearing a black piercing eye, about midway between their tips
and the head of the animal.

The foot is about as broad as the shell, truncated in front and
roundly pointed behind, when the animal is in motion. The front
of the foot is marked beneath by a very fine transverse dark line,
which perhaps serves to define the front edge of the sole. The sole
is lighter colored than other portions of the animal that are exposed
outside of the shell, and is beautifully and profusely flecked with
very small whitish dots.

The animal was slow in its movements, its motion being a contin-

VOL. 1. ] Animals of Some West Coast Shelis. 351

uous glide around the vessel in which it was confined, but most of ,
the time it remained stationary at the edge of the water, as if waiting
for the tide to come in, or a chance to escape.

Conus californicus Hinds. The body of this mollusk is whitish
in color, and profusely dotted over with black specks that frequently ~
coalesce near the margin of the mantle. When the animal is in mo-
tion the foot extends about 4 of an inch beyond the anterior and
posterior ends of the shell. It is truncated in front and bluntly
pointed behind. The sole is white and sparsely sprinkled with
black specks. The motion of the animal is a constant glide. The
proboscis is black, and about ¥% an inch long when fully extended,
and seems to be a specialized portion of the animal’s mantle, rolled
together with the lower edges in contact but not joined. It curves
over and above the back of the shell, as the animal moves forward.
Two small tentacles, of a dark color, each 5 millimeters long, pro-
‘trude from the head near the base of the proboscis, bearing two
small keen eyes, which are situated about half way between the tips. -
and base of the tentacles. enh

The operculum is horn-color and claw shaped, a portion of the
lower or sharp end being free from the animal.

When the animal is in motion this operculum lies transversely |
across the upper side of the posterior part of the animal's foot-

The nucleus of the young shell is white and glassy, and after a
few turns the spire resembles a bluntly pointed, round peg: After
this the upper end of the whorls rapidly enlarges, as also does the
length of the whorls from the anterior end of the shell to the
shoulder.

In the adult the body of the shell is covered with numerous re-
volving lines, more prominent near the anterior end of the shell.

On the spire of some specimens there are also strong revolving
lines, while on others these lines are entirely obsolete. The shoulder
of the last whorl is rather concave and forms a shallow subcanal
around the shell at the base of the spine, but this, like all other
characters of shells, is. very variable, and in some individuals it 1s
absent. : - :

The whole shell is covered with a dirty yellowish epidermis that
frequently darkens into chestnut color. The shells are quite brittle
and very frequently broken, which perhaps 1s due to the thin, ant.

‘

352 Notes on Californian Plants. [ ZOE

. outer lip, and an excessive amount of carbonate of lime in their com-
position. The bungling manner in which the animal repairs these
fractures does not add to the beauty or attractiveness of the shell,
which even in its perfect state is not very inspiring, especially when
we consider the beauty of many other cones.

-Terebra simplex Cpr. The animal that inhabits this shell is of a

pure, pearly white color, without spot or blemish. When fully ex-
tended, its foot is about ¥4 the length of the shell. The proboscis is
slender, about as long as the foot of the animal, gracefully curved
cover the back of the shell, and when the animal is in motion it forms
an interesting and conspicuous part of the creature, and seems out
of all proportions in its length to the rest of the animal’s body.
“This animal has no tentacles, but the eyes are situated on mammillated
‘tubercles that protrude from the body midway between the foot and
proboscis. The eyes are small, dark and keen; the foot is truncated
in frent and rounded behind. The operculum is carneous, unguic-
ulated in form, and lies on the upper side of the posterior part of
the foot. This shell is abundant at San Diego and southward.

cane elites

~ NOTES ON CALIFORNIAN PLANTS. IV.
ee ': BY Ss. B. PARISH.

VARIATIONS OF CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS BENTH.

This:species, not uncommon in the central region of the State,ex-
tends as far south as Elizabeth Lake, in Los Angeles County. Here
at its southern limit it is strictly typical; the stem stout and branch-
ing and from 18 to 24 inches high; the flowers light lilac, the petals
marked above with a reddish stain, below that a brown, yellow-edged |
-occulation, and the basal portion brown-striate; the densely hirsute
gland narrowly oblong, and surrounded by scattered hairs. The
plants are not very abundant here, but among a considerable num-
ber observed not one manifested any noticeable variation.

Hardly fifty miles further north, at Fort Tejon, on the borders of
Kern County,they are very plentiful, but here, on the contrary, they
sshow a range of color variation which I have seen in no other plant
that has not been subjected to the art of the hybridizer. Specimens.
growing on the flats about Lake Castac were sufficient to unmistak-

VOL. 111.] Notes on Californian Plants. 353

ably fix the species; indeed, they differed only in having the mark-
ings less distinct and well defined. But on the precipitous sides of
the surrounding grass-clad mountains, where every recess or gentler
acclivity was a thickly set bed of these flowers, all the color character
of the species vanished. Repeatedly I found it easy to gather from
one of these parterres a dozen flowers, each abundantly distinct for
a florist’s variety, and some of which, if considered by themselves, a
botanist might well regard _as distinct species. But with all the in-
termediate variations so profusely present the most diverse extremes
were traceable to the original form.

A little study resolved these many-hued varieties into two series,
the one of lilacs and the other of yellows. In the former the range
of color proceeded from white through varying shades of lilac to a
deep purple, the extreme being the var. purpurascens Watson. The
other series passed through similar gradations from very light yellow
to a bright lemon color, which may be identified with the var. céé-
rinus Baker.* Sometimes the petals were of uniform color through-
out, or were shaded from light to darker tints; in others-a lilac petal
passed into a yellow border above, or the reverse; others again were
yellow striate with lilac, or lilac with yellow. The upper and lower
spots of the normal flower were occasionally indicated in these va-
rieties, but in most instances were entirely obsolete.

The glands were uniformly densely hairy, but varied much in size
and shape, being oblong. oval, or transversely flattened. In some
instances they were obsolescent. All .the plants were slenderer
stemmed and fewer flowered than in the normal form, single flowered
specimens being common, and few exceeded a foot in height. The
flowers varied much in size, but were generally smaller than in the
type. The whole exhibition appeared to be an example of pure nat-
ural variation uninfluenced by hybridization, since no other species
was observed in the neighborhood.

Considering how completely all distinctions of color and markings,
or of size and shape of gland, here break down, it becomes a question
as to what value can be placed on these characters in a group of

closely allied species which inhabit the same geographical region.

ps NER ee CL ar I Oe as aOR

7 Na SS ee aap pvc
- *{n Dr. Watson’s Revision of the N. A. Liliacea, and in the Bot. of California this is referred as a
variety to C. duteus, Douzgl., the most natural disposition to make from herbarium specimens. But,
considering the associations with which it grows on these hillsides it is ev.dent that Baker was right,
if the two species are to be kept up. fs

D {

é

354 A Trip through Southeastern Utah. | [ZOE

It is precisely on such treacherous grounds that C. duteus Dougl.,
GC. venustus Benth, and C. splendens Dougl. were established, and
more recently C. Lyont Gray and C. Plummere Greene have been
added to the number. Dr. Watson has already suggested that the
first two may be confluent, yet in their typical forms they are the
most distinct of the set, the first being yellow and the second lilac
purple in color. Yet field observation compels the reference of a
yellow variety to the lilac-colored species. The other species above
named ail belong to the lilac series, differing from each other in the
distribution and intensity of the coloration. In this respect typical
specimens are sufficiently distinct, but considering the unreliability
of this character it is not impossible that further observe may
unite them.

LiL&A suBpuLATA HBK. A rare plant in the South, and appar-
ently the same elsewhere in the State. The only station known to
me is the marshy margin of a shallow pond on the farm of Mr. James
Stewart,near Colton. _ Fresh plants show some characters not in en-
tire accordance with the published diagnosis of the species, which
was perhaps drawn from dried specimens. Our plant is an annual,
the leaves terete, or a little flattened, about six inches long, sheath-
ing at base. Inflorescence axillary, of two forms; an androgynous
spike exserted on a peduncle shorter than the leaves, and arising
between two sessile ovaries whose filiform styles nearly equal the
peduncle. I find no spikes entirely male. The anthers discharge
their pollen while the spike is still inclosed in the sheathing bases of
the leaves. The radicle fruits mature long before the spicate ones.

GENERAL NOTES
OF A TRIP THROUGH SOUTHEASTERN UTAH.
BY ALICE EASTWOOD.

It was my good fortune the past year, towards the end of May,
to travel on horseback through a part of the Great American Des«rt
that has been but little explored. The road followed was a cattle
highway from Thompson’s Springs, a station on the D. & R. G. W.
R.R. in Utah, to Moab, a Mormon town on the Grand River; thence
to Monticello, another Mormon settlement at the foot of the Blue
Mountains; thence down Montezuma Cafion to the San Juan River,

VOL. 111.] A Trip through Southeastern Utah. 355

not far from Bluff City, where the gold placer excitement has recently.
existed; from there, by way of McElmo Creek and Montezuma
Valley, to Mancos, a town in southwestern Colorado.

Mr. Alfred Wetherill, who was my guide, planned the route, man-
aged everything about the camp and horses, helped me greatly in
collecting, and, altogether, was as good a friend and as efficient an
aid as any botanist could desire.

Thompson’s Springs is so named because of its relative nearness
to water. Ina desert country the watering places become the cen-
ters, the named places on the map, and though they may be many
miles away from a railroad station, yet more than the small cluster
of buildings serve to locate to the cattle men, who are almost the
only travelers, the general situation of any place. The name would

suggest moisture and verdure, but besides the water tank anda
feeble stream of yellow alkali water at the bottom of a gulch, every-
thing was dry. However, it was the period when vegetation was
most luxuriant, and the earth was gay with flowers. Townsendia
slrigosa almost carpeting the ground in spots, recalled Burns’ ‘‘wee
crimson-tipped flower; Thelypodium ambiguum, with its branch-
ing habit, glaucous foliage, and numerous clusters of rose-pink blos-
soms, gave brightness here and there; while within the precincts of
the station were Aster tanacetifolius, Arabis longirostris, Abronia mt-
crantha, cycloptera and turbinata; ‘4 Conanthus differing most notice-
ably from Conanthus aretioides \n its smaller flowers, Cenothera
scapoidea and trichocalyx, Atriplex corrugata and Nuttallii, and the
shrubs so frequent in the desert, such as Grayia polygaloides, Arte-
misia tridentata and spinosa, Bigelovia graveolens and Jetradymia
spinosa. So many of the desert shrubs are spinose, because nature
is here such a niggardly provider that their ambitious efforts to be-
come big plants are thwarted, and they must remain straggling,
woody, spiny shrubs.

‘There was no time for exploring the country around Thompson s
Springs, nor for branching off onto the alluring mesas and into the

side caiions along the road. An early start had to be made so as to
reach a spring at noon and Moab at night, allowing plenty of time

for collecting on the way.
Some time after we le
range of low hills, where

ft the station there stretched before us a
the evidences of upheaval were unusually

356 A Trip through Southeastern Utah. _ [zoE

conspicuous. On each side of a slight depression, which was a rise

compared with our starting place, the bands of strata were tipped

up slanting towards each other, and plainly matching. It was from

this break in the strata that the cafion began, which at first imper-

. ceptibly, but later more decidedly, became deeper and deeper, until

_ when we reached the Grand River, the rocky walls seemed to rise
perpendicular for a thousand feet at least, and here and there were
carved into wonderful and weird outlines by the action of the air
and water. The vegetation constantly changed, for we were not
only descending, but also passing from the flora of the plain to that
of the cafion.

It was a day full of delight; new plants were constantly seen, and
some that may be new species were collected. Lupinus pusillus was
so abundant over large areas that the earth seemed to mirror the
sky, while occasionally the rarer Lupinus Shockleyi was also seen;
Cleomella plocasperma, or a nearly allied form, was found growing in

-a small tract with a most peculiar and new Phacelia. Eriogonum
inflatum was common over miles of country, and it was noticeable
that the amount of swelling at the nodes varied from absolutely none
to more than an inch in diameter. The plants destitute of inflation
were small and weak, compared with the others, and the question
arose as to the cause of the difference. The evolutionist would
regard the variation as an illustration and living proof of the forma-
tion of a new species, and would look upon the plants without infla-
tion as the original from which the inflated forms arose. The infla-
tion is a feature especially beneficial to a desert, slender-stemmed
annual and undoubtedly takes the place of the involucral bracts that
most Eriogonums possess. It furnishes the surface essential to the
vital functions of the plant during the ripening of the fruit, since the
leaves at the root, by which the plant was enabled to raise its stem
and spread out its branches, become dried into dust long before the
flowers are gone, and often before they are in bloom. It can easily
be seen what an advantage the inflated plants have over tlie others
in the struggle for existence, and they show their superiority in
greater size and abundance. They even crowd out other plants and
almost usurp the soil. New Astragali were continually seen, and
were collected in both flower and fruit. Gulia Gunnisoni, Biscutella
Wislizent, Coloptera Newberryi and Asclepias involucrata grew ona

VOL. LI. | A Trip through Southeastern Utah. 357

sandy bottom, and the Gilia was most abundant and very lovely.
In washes, Encelia nutans was frequent. Its large headisfull of good
sense as well as many flowers. When the flowers expand, the head
is erect, so that the sun can have its full effect; but when the seeds
are nearly ripe, it begins to nod and droops Jower and lower until it
finally touches the ground and the seeds scramble out so that they -
may travel far away from their big-rooted mother en the first rush
of water that comes down the hills from the heavy rains that some-
times fall. They thus secure a congenial home in a branch wash and
do not have to starve on their greedy mother’s leavings.

Through the cafion, which we entered in the afternoon, new and
attractive plants began to appear. Here and there Penstfemon Eatoni
lifted its showy stems, covered with scarlet drooping trumpets, de-
manding admiration. Malvastrum leptophyllum, with slender, wand-
like blossoming stems, was a fine study in harmony of color,
the brick red of its flowers toned down by the silvery green of the
foliage. Aster venustus here has smaller flowers than at Grand
Junction, and with violet rays instead of white. Amelanchier alnt-
folia exhibited a new form, more slender and less leafy than the
common one, with few flowers, and the leaves glossy on the
upper surface. Some plants of Rhus aromatica were seen, with en-
tire coarsely crenate leaves. /7vaxinus anomala and Quercus
Emoryi(?) sometimes formed thickets. Pifions and cedars grew along
the hills, and bunches of rosaceous shrubs, such as Purshia and
Cowania were occasionally observed. Cacti were rare, and but one,
an Opuntia, with long, slender white spines, probably a form of
O. Missouriensis was collected or even noted. s

Near the Grand River, the space between the cafion walls became
wider. It was a sandy bottom, and the wind blew the sharp little
bits of quartz and feldspar into our faces in a disagreeable manner.
Twilight was impending, but there was still sufficient light to indi-
cate that a flora more peculiar than any seen yet, existed here. In
spite of the raging river that must be crossed we resolved to return
to this spot in daylight and explore more fully. Mentzelia multi-
flora was the plant most conspicuous in the waning light, and the
star-like blossoms opening at our feet seemed to be trying to illu-

mine the’ way.

The next day’s search was cut short by one of those rainstorms

358 A Trip through Southeastern Utah. [ZOE

that are called cloud-bursts, where the water descends in sheets and
in ashort time starts waterfalls that leap a hundred feet in places
over precipices, to the slope below, and then rush to the river. Before
the storm, however, we secured a Hoffmanseggia that seems to be
new, a peculiar form of Linum rigidum, Evriogonum Thomasi?,
Coldenia hispidissima, Poliomintha incana, Glyplopleura marginata,
Euphorbia flageYaris, Encelia frutescens, and fine fruiting speci-
mens of Coloptera Newberry. This had before been collected in
flower; but it was only now that its puzzling character began to ap-
pear. No two seeds were to be seen that looked alike. It was try-
ing to be a Cymopterus and a Leptotznia at the same time, and
even its leaves showed the struggles which it was experiencing.
Along the river banks were willows, and the common Raccharis
salicina. Berberis Fremonti grew at the foot of the cafiion among
the rocks, under which we were perfectly sheltered from the storm.
Stephanomeria exigua, beautiful with its numerous spreading pink
blossoms in the early morning, was a bedraggled object after the
rain; Erigeron Utahensis, just coming into bloom, seemed to be
rare; Lrickellia linifolia in flower along the slopes, and the young
shoots of 2. microphylla, which is a fall-bloomer, were also ob-
served; Aplopappus Nuttallit, Phacelia crenulata and Amsonia
brevifolta were there at home too.

Moab is an oasis in a desert, and its poplars might be compared
to the palms that made Palmyra so famous for beauty long ago. It
is as renowned, too, among the pilgrims through this land, and we
had heard of its beauty, its fruits, and its hospitable people before
we started. Its green fields, lovely orchards, and extensive vine-

_yards were such a sudden change from the dry country around that,
undoubtedly, the impression of its loveliness was made more vivid
from the surroundings.

The next day was spent on a barren highway, where whatever

green thing could survive the drought fell a prey to the cattle that
were driven over that road. The ground was tramped down and
marked with the impressions of innumerable hoofs. Towards even-
ing we entered one of the basin-like cafions, called ‘‘ washes,’’ pecul-
jar to that region. Here was found a Gilia worth thirty-five miles
through the dust and heat. It is one of the most beautiful of the
genus, and well deserves the name superba, which has been bestowed
upon it.

.

VOL, Ht.] A Trip through Southeastern Utah. 359.

The following day was more profitable in the number of plants
collected, but as quantity does not always make up for quality, it is
doubtful whether it was really more successful. Here and there
on the hillsides Yucca angustifolia was sending up its flower-stalks;
on the mesas which we crossed, a Frasera, taller and more loosely
flowered than /: aébomarginata, was getting ready to bloom; Berberis
Fremonti became more common along water courseés, and was beau-
tiful with the showy yellow flowers amid its holly-like leaves;
Psoralea castorea spread over sandy slopes. In a small cafion we
found the greatest variety seen in one place, and collected Ad/ium
Nevadense? Penstemon Parryi, Ephedra trifurca in fruit, a small
flowered variety of Gzlia congesta, an, Arabis which is probably a
beautiful, rose-colored, large-flowered form of A. Holbellii, found
also at Grand Junction, and the widely-distributed Avynitzkia
leucophea, the only one of the spicate and glomerate Krynitzkias
that can be determined with certainty, because of its smooth, shining
nutlets. This cafion led up toa mesa covered with pifions and ce-
dars, and again we were in a region of few flowers, Penstemon
Parryi, Gilia congesta, and Krynitzkia leucophea being almost the
only plants under the low trees. We crossed another pifion-covered
mesa, after leaving Monticello, and in that little-visited locality
found a few plants of Evodium cicutarim, the offspring of some dar-
ing pioneer. It was a great surprise, and the place at once lost
some of its wildness. 77ifolium Plummere seemed common, but
was past its period of bloom, and almost of fruit as well.

We were aiming to cut across country, because a cattle highway —
was so barren, and after great difficulty succeeded in reaching the
bottom of Montezuma Caiion, intending to climb up the other side
and then ride across an unbroken mesa to McElmo Creek. Monte-
zuma Cafion proved to be a prison from which we could not escape
until we reached the San Juan River. Its walls were perpendicular
for miles, and impossible to climb with horses. Whenever a hill -
could be ascended, we toiled up and led our poor animals, only to
behold a labyrinth of cafions beyond. However, as we continued
to find new plants and were exploring country perhaps as pioneers,
we somewhat forgot that our stomachs were empty and our provis-
ions low. Frasera albomarginala, Cymopterus purpureus,— Calo-
chortus flexuosus, Polygala acanthoclada, Eriogonum salsuginosus,

360 A Trip through Southeastern Utah.

divaricatus, and glandu/osus, several Astragali, Gilia pungens,
Lygodesmia exigua and Cnicus Neo-Mexicanus were among the
plants noticed on the rocky hills and cedar-covered mesas. Along
the river bottom the grass was high and the trees near the water
formed a low grove of box elders, willows and cottonwoods.
Calochortus Nuttal/it was in bloom, and quite common. In general
the plants were the same as those usually found not far from water,
and as we approached the San Juan River the trees were replaced
by Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Bigelovia graveolens, and Artemisia
tridentata, so tall as to hide us completely from each other. They
all make fine camp fires, but Sarcobatus is the best. We thought
that we might also have to try them for internal combustion, but
an Indian store on the San Juan River saved us from the attempt.
Along the San Juan River the vegetation was not different from
the lowlands of Montezuma Creek; some chenopodiaceous ‘plants
were seen, but too young for determination, though as’ Grayia
Brandegei was known to grow in that vicinity, all were closely ex-
amined and found to be young Atriplices,, probably argentea and
Nuttallit. Thickets of Forestiera Neo-Mexicana were hereand there,
and Lyctum pallidum occasionally replaced the usual desert shrubs.
The looked-for Grayia was not found until the McElmo Creek was
reached, where many other interesting plants now appeared. Datura
metelodes was rather startling.’ It is not supposed to grow so far
north, but here it was abundant in the dry bed of the creek and
occasionally along the sides. The seed pods are often found in the
ruins of the ancient people who once filled this land and guarded
every spring with towers of. stone. The hackberry, Celtis occidentalis,
‘was a new and ungommon shrub; but the other shrubs were those

found throughout the whole region. Cinothera Flartwegt var. lavan-

dulefolia, was noticeable occasionally, and a few more new Astragali
were found, as well as some other plants previously collected, such
as Biscutella and Calochortus flexuosus. In Montezuma Valley the
shrubs were in full ‘bloom, and the hillsides were beautiful with

Peraphyllum ramosissimum, Fendlera rupicola and Amelanchier al--

nifolia. A single plant of the Grand Junction Chenactis scaposa
was collected, which extends its range two or three hundred miles,

the extent of country through which we had ridden during our ten —

days’ trip. :
The region traversed belongs mainly to what Dr. C. Hart Merriam

-

VOL? TT} General Bird Notes. 301

has designated as Upper Sonoran. No mountain species were seen,
and but few of those common everywhere along water courses.
Animal life was scarce; rarely was even a rabbit noticed or the song
of a bird heard.

The careful studies of the plants collected and the list of those
noted and collected will form the subject of a paper to which this is
an introduction.

GENERAL BIRD NOTES.

EDITED BY WALTER E. BRYANT.

A TRAGEDY IN BIRD LIFE.

One stormy day in December found me on Damon’s Point, at the
north entrance of Gray’s Harbor. A great gale was blowing and
the rain and spray were driving in from the sea in clouds. Gun in
hand, I strolled toward the beach to view the surf, which was running
very high.

A broad, sandy bay made in from the harbor, the upper end of
which terminated in a shallow slough about eighteen inches deep.
I waded across and was proceeding toward the beach, when my at-
tention was attracted by a small buffle-head duck (Charttonetta albe-
ola) commonly called butter-ball. He was swimming around in the
slough and obtaining his food in the way common to his kind, by
diving and picking up that which came his way. With an admiring
glance at his beautiful plumage I was about to pass on, when one of
those pirates of the air, a duck hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum)
came in sight. .

Without hesitating an instant, he made straight for my little friend
and swooped at him. His long talons came down with a clutch, but
they closed on nothing, for the duck -was under the water. Un-
datinted the hawk hovered overhead, and as the water was clear and
shallow, he could follow every movement of his prey. Again the
duck came up; the hawk swooped to seize him, each move being
repeated in quick succession and each dive becoming shorter and
shorter.

It was evident that the poor little hunted creature was getting des-
perate, for the next move he made was to come out of the water fly-
ing. The hawk promptly gave chase. There was some clever

Ja62: General Bird Notes. — [ZOE

dodging in the air, but the duck, frightened and tired, soon saw that
his swift pursuer was getting the best of it, so he closed his wings
tight against his body and dropped like a stone into the water and
plunged out of sight.

Now comes the beginning of the end. While he was under water
he either saw the hawk hovering over him or else he became bewil-
dered, for he came again out of the water flying. Like lightning
the hawk struck; there was a muffled “‘squawk,” and the tragedy
was ended. SAM. HUBBARD, JR.

PUGNACIOUS FLICKERS.

The following facts were related to me by my brother. And there
is a fine skin of one of the birds in my collection.

Oue day he heard a commotion in the loft of the barn, and,
thinking that perhaps the cat had caught a bird, he ascended to
discover the cause. In the eaves of the barn was a hole made by
woodpeckers. Fighting vigorously through this hole were a cou ple
of flickers (Colaptes cafer). The birds made such a din that they
did not notice his approach and he easily took the inside one in his
hand. The bird on the outside, probably thinking that it had
vanquished its enemy, promptly entered in pursuit and was in its
turn taken in the other hand.

How blind must have been their rage, and how perfectly oblivious
of their own end they must have been, for, although still in the hands
of their captor, upon being brought together, they would immedi-
ately resume the combat, fighting with bill and claws as though
their fate depended upon the result.

It would have been interesting to have discovered the cause of the
dispute. Perhaps the explanation may be found in the fact that
both the contestants were females, and it may have been the outcome
of a fit of jealousy. Epwarp C, Merwin.

THE MOCKING BIRD AT REDWOOD CITY, CALIFORNIA.

In regard to the occurrence of the mocking bird (Afimus polyglot-
tos) in this vicinity, I would say that the specimen which I now have
in my collection was taken here in Redwood City, September 5,
1891. It was hopping about the ground in search of food, and, al-
though exceedingly watchful, could not be called shy, as it ap-

VoL. 11.] - General Bird Notes. 363

proached within forty feet of me before I saw it. They are rarely ©
seen here; I have met with but three others during the past twenty-
five years. Two of them were shot years ago before I knew any-
thing about preserving the skins; the other was seen in 1880 near
my home, but was too wary to be collected. They seem to prefer
the company of blue jays (Aphelocoma californica), as the last three
specimens were with large scattering flocks of these birds and appar-
ently flying about the country with them in search of food.
CHASE LITTLEJOHN.

SECOND OCCURRENCE OF THE FOX SPARROW IN CALIFORNIA,

In San Diego County, January 3, 1888, Mr. C. M. Ingersoll col-
lected a specimen of the fox sparrow in no respects different from
Eastern examples. (See Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2, ti, 9c.) An-
other specimen has been obtained in Oakland, by Mr. W. H. Hall,
who writes: ‘‘The bird was brought to me December 2, 1892, hav-
ing been found in the city directly under a telegraph wire, and was
still warm.”’ W. E. BRYANT.

NESTING OF THE FLORIDA GALLINULE (Galinula galeata) NEAR LOS
ANGELES, CAL. :

I now have a set of nine eggs of this bird; they were collected
west of the city, just outside of the city limits, by William Berman,
April 27, 1890. Nest was composed of tule, situated ina bunch of tule
in a creek. One or two other sets were obtained at the same time
and place. A bird was shot and identified by L. Zeliner, of this city.

M. L. Wicks, JR.

OCCURRENCE OF CLANGULA HYEMALIS IN CALIFORNIA.

Mr. W. H. Hall has brought to me for identification a female spec-
imen of the old-squaw (C. Ayematis), which was shot at Point Reyes, .
north of San Francisco, about January 17, 1893, by Mr H. Weiss.
In the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (2d. Ser., ii,
p- 88) Mr.T.S. Palmer recorded. a male specimen from Humboldt Bay.

While of rare occurrence in this State, it may be considered a casual

winter visitant. W. E. Bryant.

6

RECENT LITERATURE.

The Occurrence of Cooper's Lemming Mouse (Synaptomys
coopert) in the Atlantic States. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. VII,.175-177. Notices of the capture of additional
specimens of this species, rare in collections, Baird’s type of which
the author supposes came from New York State, possibly from New
Jersey.

The American Naturalist, January, 1893: ‘‘A new Synaptomys
from New Jersey,” by Samuel N. Rhodes. This new species is
named Synaptomys stonei. ‘A new Evotomys from Southern New
Jersey,’’ by Witmer Stone. This new subspecies is named £vo-

-tomys gappert rhoadsit.

The January number of 7%é Auk has two half-tone plates, illus-
trating an article by Charles Slover Allen, on ‘‘The Nesting of the
Black Duck on Plum Island.’”’ One represents a nest in a thicket,
the other a group of black ducks, two adult birds with young, from
the representation so successfully executed by Mr. Richardson for
the American Museum. ‘‘ Notes on Certain Washington and British
Columbia Birds,”’ by Samuel N. Rhoads. A preliminary paper with
a list of additions and critical notes on the status of Corvus ameri-
canus, C. caurinus, Melospiza lincolni striata, which is considered
‘less entitled to recognition than certain subspecies once included,
but now stricken from the check list.’’ One of these ‘‘stricken”’
forms is Vireo gilvus swainsonit, for which evidence is offered for
its re-instatement. Sylvania pusilla pileolata is considered a very
weak subspecies. One new subspecies is described from the central
Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Parus hudsonicus columbi-
anus, Columbian Chickadee, of which the A. O. U. committee will
take cognizance. ‘‘ Description of a New Junco from California,’’
by Leverett M. Loomis, Juco pinosus, Point Pinos Junco, from
near Monterey. The fifth supplement to the check-list of North
American birds, which appears in this number, contains important
additions and changes. The sparrow hawk of California becomes
Falco sparverius deserticolus Mearns, Desert Sparrow Hawk. Vireo
vicinior californicus Stephens was ‘“‘considered as not entitled to
recognition.” Mr. T. S. Palmer proposes Heleodytes Cabanis for
Campylor hynchus Spix antedated by oe Mergele, a
genus of coleoptera.

VOL. 111.] Recent Literature. 365

Gordiodrilus is the name of a new genus of Oligochzta provision-
ally placed in the family of Ocnerodrilide by its describer, F. E.
Beddard (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, Vol. x, No. 55). The
genus comes near the American genus Ocnerodrilus, which later
reaches its greatest development, as far as is known, on the Pacific
Coast. Gordiodrilus differs from Ocnerodrilus in having only one
cesophageal diverticulum in somite ix, Ocnerodrilus having this organ
paired. The male or spermduct,which in Ocnerodrilus opens in so-
mite xvii, always in the same pore asa prostate, opens in Gordiodrilus
in somite xviii, always in a different pore from the prostate, but in the
same somite as that organ. Beddard describes five species of Gordi-
odrilus from Africa and the West Indies. The memoir is very in-
teresting to’ Pacific Coast investigators, as the new genus forms a
connecting link between Ocnerodrilus and the higher terrestrial
Oligochzta. Here may be incidentally mentioned that a new
genus not yet described, recently found in Baja California, is in
many respects intermediate between Ocnerodrilus and Gordio-
drilus, having one pair of diverticula in somite ix, originating in the
anterior part of the somite. The spermduct opens in somites xviii
and xvii, the posterior one independently of the prostates, one pair of
which open in somite xvii and one in xix. G. E.

‘‘Expedition a la gruta de Cacahuamilpa.’’ Under this heading
we find a memoir of twenty pages, describing the results of a col-
lecting expedition to a cave called ‘‘Cacahuamilpa,’’ somewhere in
Mexico; the exact locality is not given (‘‘ E] Estudio,’’ Tom IV, No.
8, Mexico, Sept., 1892).

The memoir is accompanied by two plates containing forty-five
drawings of animals, described as new in a most singular manner.
There are eleven species pretended to be new, ranging in almost as
- many different families, from Coleoptera to mollusks and mammals,
and all are given as specific name ‘‘cacahuamilpensis.’’ Many
species are given a new name, probably in order that all may be
uniformly ‘‘cacahuamilpensis,’”’ though the old and first name 1s
sometimes kindly appended. The descriptions are such that not a
single species can be identified, not even as to genus, and the figures
are in the style of those seen in our daily newspapers.

It would have been much better to distribute the collections
to specialists than to disgrace the zodlogical literature in this way.

366 Recent Literature. [ZOE

Unhappily we are promised a continuation, which, if in a similar
style as the first part, will no doubt cause the author to become a
great light among the natives, but which must nevertheless he con-
sidered at a par with similar attempts one hundred and fifty years
ago. How many of these ‘‘cacahuamilpensis” are really cave-
species probably no one will ever beable to tel G- E.

Description of anew sucker (Pantosteus jordani ), from the Upper
Missouri Basin. By Barton W. Evermann. Extract from Bull, U.
S. Fish Commission for 1892. The name is in compliment to Prof.
Jordan of Stanford University. The material was collected in the ~
streams of Montana and South Dakota. The author recognizes
four species besides the new one, and gives their synonomy and dis-
tribution.

Flora Peoriana, by FREDERICK BRENDEL. This paper catalogues
the plants within a radius of ten or twelve miles. The vascular plants
number 835 species. The paper is replete with interesting data not
usually found in such catalogues. K. B.

Development of the Frond of Champia parvula, Harv. from the
Carpospore, with one double plate. By BRADLEY Moore Davis.
Extract from Annals of Botany, No. xxiv. This interesting addition
to our knowledge of Champia parvula is one of the first fruits of the
Stanford University course in botany. Mr. Davis was in charge of

“the summer course of botany at the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory
last year, and is now following a postgraduate botanical course at
Harvard University. We hope to welcome him again to the Pacific
Coast next year. K. B.

Additions to the Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California (Ext.
from Proc. Cal. Acad. sec. 2, Vol. iii), by T.S. BRANDEGEE. In this
paper Mr. Brandegee adds 59.species, Nos. 681-739, to the known |
flora of the region. Notes of interest concerning some previously
listed species are given and the following new species proposed:
Dalea trochilina, Acacia Californica, Albizzia occidentalis, Dianthera
incerta. ; Ke Re

Erythea, a journal of botany, West American and general,
edited by Willis L. Jepson, a pupil of Prof. Edward L. Greene. The
new journal is to be a monthly of about twenty-five pages apparently.

vot. ul.| Recent Literature. 367

The contributors to the first number are Prof. E. L. Greene, two. pa-
pers; Willis L. Jepson, two papers; F. T. Bioletti, descriptions of two-
new plants. Teratological notes (reversion of the flowers of Leptosyne
maritima and Tropeolum minus) by Marshall A. Howe. Reviews
and criticisms, miscellaneous notes and news. The inside of the
cover is apparently modeled after some of Rafinesque’s publications,
containing an advertisement of the journal within the first cover, and
a list of the ‘' principal botanical writings” of Professor Greene in-
side the back

The motto of the journal might fitly be the following paragraph
from the introduction to Rafinesque’s ‘‘Neobotanon,”’ Part 4: ‘‘As I
think that I am gifted with a peculiar sharp sagacity in discriminat-
ing Genera and Species of Plants and Animals, it behooves me to use
it in order to rectify these objects and the sciences relating thereto.—
It is what I have often done, am now doing and will continue to do
as long as I live, not being prevented by the sneer or neglect of any-
one whom I consider less sagacious than myself, who cannot discrim-
inate between the most conspicuous characters blended by the Lin-
neists or modern Blenders and Shufflers.”’

Mr. Greene starts out by alluding to his ‘‘reasons for accepting
the Cichoriacez as a separate natural order, forgetting, perhaps, his
experience in describing ‘‘ Prenanthes stricta,’ and makes declaration
that ‘‘for the nomenclature of genera we are not disposed to recog-
nize any particular initial date.’’ The usual contributions to the
synonymy of Western botany to be expected ina publication over
which Mr. Greene has control, follow. Pudsatilla multiceps may be,
from its very imperfect description, almost anything. ?. Micheneri,
appears from the character to be a rather more glabrous form of L.
Bolanderi, that species having cuneate-obcordate petals and 10 di-
lated filaments, the alternate ones shorter.

Mr. Greene has of course a perfect right, if so inclined, to reduce
Potentilla Breweri to P. Plattensis, but why not call it var. Brewert
instead of var. /eucophylla, more especially as leucophylla has been
used in the genus already several times. Pofentilla ambigens and
P. scopulorum are perhaps of that genus, though experience has
shown that it is not always safe to assume even that degree of ac- .
curacy on the author's part, and there is hardly anything in the de-
scriptions to prove that he is not describing forms of, Barbarea vul-

368 Recent Literature. [ZOE

garis, for instance. No information is ‘‘ vouchsafed’’ as to whether
the plants are annual, biennial, or perennial; both species are said
to have ‘‘ about 5 pairs of leaflets,’ but whether scattered on long
petioles or crowded near the top of them is left to the imagination
along with such unconsidered trifles as stipules, bractlets, petals,
stamens, styles, akenes, etc. Absolutely the only mention made of
the floral organs is ‘‘ flowers small, yellow,” in one case, and corol-
las nearly an inch in diameter, pale yellow,’’ in the other!

Sanicula nemoralis is, as Mr. Greene remarks, the yellow-flowered
form of SS. dipinnatifida. Sanicula saxatilis has been collected
at Tehachapi, and is probably not uncommon about rocky summits.
It has heretofore been considered a form of S: tuberosa. Sanicula
séptentrionalis, described from an immature fragmentary specimen
distributed under the name S. Nevadensis may easily be that species.
Mr. Greene’s idea of the great importance of the outline, or degree
of dissection of a dissected leaf will scarcely commend itself to
botanists who know anything about Umbelliferee. Microseris indi.
visa isa well-known form of AZ aphantocarpha. Senecio Blochmane
is of course the entire-leaved form of .S. Douglasti, already provided
with synonyms to spare. Peucedanum robustum was sent from the
type locality to Coulter & Rose at the time of their revision of the
Umbelliferee. They did not find it to be a new species.

Mr. Jepson’s account of the mountain region of Clear Lake is re-
markable chiefly for the things he did not observe. All the plants
mentioned by him have been in the herbarium ofthe California Academy
_ of Sciences for nearly ten years. .Streptanthus hesperidis is S. Breweri
pure and simple. Arctostaphylos elegans is another of the absolutely
_ inexcusable synonymswith which that long-suffering genus is becom-
ing loaded. Gnaphalium bicolor is so imperfectly described that
even the section to which it belongs can only be conjectured from
the remark that it can readily be distinguished from G. leucocephalum.
It is probably only a rather broader-leaved form of that species which
belongs tothe division ‘‘leaves obviously adnate-decurrent, the upper
face at least becoming naked and green in age, and with the stem
glandular-pubescent or glandular viscid; herbage strongly balsamic-
" scented; root lignescent-perennial.” :

Apparently the best species, and certainly the best described is
Collinsia Franciscana; but the description would have been much

VOL. 111 | Recent Literature. 369

improved if the author had given us some idea of the curvature
of the throat, the presence or absence of crests. and some indi-
cation of the shape of the seeds. As these points are usually at-
tended to in descriptions of Collinsia, their lack leaves few data
for comparison. In all species where account is made of the seeds,
the ovules should be numbered instead, as they are usually much
less variable. It is probably identical with Dr. Kellogg’s C. solitaria,
which was described from the vicinity of Oakland. No type specimen
has been found, but the description so far as it goes agrees with the San
Francisco plant. The original C. sparsiflora was however a coast
plant collected a short distance above San Franc'sco, and before at-
tempting to separate species from it, it would be well to examine the
type which is only too likely to be the same as C., Franciscana.

In ‘Notes and News’’ Mr. Greene takes occasion to sneer at a
paper by Professor Coulter and Mr. E. M. Fisher in the November
number of the Botanical Gazette, on account of the personal names
bestowed on the new species. It must be admitted that such names
are not in the best taste, but the remarks thereon come with poor
grace from the author of Madia Rammit, Clevelandia Beldingit,
Potentilla Micheneri, Streptanthus Biolettii, Beria Burket Convolvulus

- Binghamie, Collomia Rawsoniana, etc., etc. Perhaps, however, the
creator of these names salves his conscience by remembering that
they are principally synonyms. K. B.

Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of
Pennsylvania. “Vol. i, No. 1. Unlike the usual contributions from
botanical laboratories, the papers contained in this are largely physi-
ological. They are: A monstrous specimen of Rudbeckia hirta, by J.
T. Rothrock; Contributions to the history of Dionea muscipula, by
J. M. MacFarlane; An abnormal development of the inflorescence of
Dionzea, by John W. Harshberger; Mangrove tannin, by H. Trim-
ble; Observations on Epigaa repens, by W. P. Wilson; A nascent
variety of Brunella vulgaris, by J. T. Rothrock; Preliminary ob-
servations on movements of the leaves of Melilotus alba and other
plants, by W. P. Wilson. The volume is enriched with twelve plates. ©

Contributions to the Life Histories of Plants. No. 8. By THOMAS
Méeuan. Extract from Proc, Philadelphia Academy, 1892.

This is another of the interesting papers recording observations,
principally on the fertilization of flowers, of which several previous

370 Recent Literature. [Zo

ones have treated. The plants discussed are Euphrasia officina-
4is; Gaura and (Enothera: the carpellary structure of N ymphea; the
sexual characters of Rhus; Rubus Chamemorus, Dalibarda repens;
some morphological distinctions in the genera of Ericacee; vitality of
seeds in Lysimachig atropurpurea; Campanula rotundifolia; Cornus Can-
-adensts, Aralia hispida; Luzula, campestris, Cakile Americana, Hy pert-
cum ellipticum, Trifolium hybridum; Lathyrus maritimus; Lonivera ceru-
lea, Raphanus sativus; the nature of the verruce in some Convolvula-
cee; Polygonum cilinode; Aster Tatarica. The observations are of a
kind to be readily made by anyone with leisure and access at all
hours to living plants, and require no great knowledge of systematic
botany, yet they are of great general interest, and more attention to
the physiology of plants would attract to their study many now de-
terred by the somewhat dry details of herbarium work.

List of Plants of Los Angeles County, California. By ANSTRUTHER
Davipson, M. D. Local lists are always useful even if very
incomplete—they stimulate search. The next issue will probably
contain a much larger number. There are many in the herbarium
of the California Academy of Sciences, from Los Angeles County,
not mentioned in this. In Oxytheca, for instance, O. /ri/obata grows at
Ravina, and QO. /utea at Lancaster. Boisduvalia cleistogama is
probably an error of determination. The rather numerous printer’s
errors will of course be rectified in subsequent editions.

flora Washingtoniensis. By W.N. Suxsporr,is a list of the flow-

ering plants and ferns of the State of Washington. These lists are
_ of great service in the study of the distribution of plants. Washing-
ton is a highly objectionable name for a State, as it requires always
an explanatory phrase to distinguish it from the better-known seat
of the general government. ;

Contributions from U. S. National Herbarium. Vol. i, No. -vi.
i. List of plants collected by C. S. Sheldon and M. A. Carleton in the
Indian Territory in 1891. By J. M. Holzinger. ii. Observations
on the native plants of Oklahoma Territory and adjacent districts.
By M. A. Carleton. Two new species [pomea Carletoni Holz and
| Euphorbia strictior Holz are described, with plates, and Luphorbia
polyphylla Engelm is characterized. Many interesting observations
on the relationship of allied species and the distribution of plants
are scattered through the papers.

VOL. 111.] Proceedings of Socteties. 371

Check List of the Plants of Kansas. By BerNarp B. SmyTH.
Aug., 1892. This is an attempt to give a complete list of the plants
of the State with approximate localities. The introduction shows an
originality not common in catalogue makers. The author says:
“As to nomenclature the compiler simply adopts those names said —
by common authority to be the correct ones. He is opposed to
changes of name in a plant, and prefers a name long-established and
well-known to a name which though more correct, is comparatively
unknown. Notwithstanding this, exceptions are made, where evi-
dence is indisputable as to priority of some other name as applied to
a particular plant. Most noticeable among these is Hicoria instead
of Carya, Navarretia for Gilia, Castalia for Nymphza, and others.

Where no name is given the compiler doesn’t know who is
authority. . . . <A few radical changes are made, as the trans-
ferring of the order Nymphzeacez from Exogens to Endbdgens, these
plants showing most clearly endogenous characteristics of structure.
Conversely the order Smilacacez should be transferred to Exogens,
these plants being exogenous. when more than herbaceous.”’

Under the head of ‘‘New Species” are included Zrythronium
mesochoreum Knerr, n. sp.; Cyperus carruthii Wood, 0 sp.; Cyperus
spiculatus Wood, n. sp.; Setaria perennis Hall,n. sp. Sporobolus pilosus
Vasey n. sp.; Barbula henrici E. A. Rau, n. sp. All of these ‘‘new
species,” excepting two, are credited at the end of the character to
previous places of publication.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY. OF Sciences, Movember 7, 7892. President
Harkness in the chair.

Donations to the museum were reported from John Carlsen,
Gustav Eisen, Carl Precht, Dr. J. G. Cooper, John L. Howard.

November 21, 1892. Mr. T. H. Hittell in the chair.
~ Donations to the museum were received from Willard M. Wood,
Miss Lottie Rau, George H. Knight, Sam Hubbard Jr., Overend |
~ G. Rose, M. H. Gilson, T..S. Brandegee. :

The Librarian reported 104 additions to the library.

Mr. H. W. L. Couperus read a paper on the possibility of the
cultivation of coffee within the limits of the United States.

372 Proceedings of Socteties. [ZOF

December 5, 1892. President Harkness in the chair.

‘Additions to the museum were reported from Walter H. Levy,
Gustav Eisen, William Hooper, W. G. Blunt, John P. West, Com-
pafiia Minera y Beneficiadora de la Barranca, Sonora, Mexico.

The Librarian reported eighty-four additions to the library.

A resolution was adopted to the effect that the Academy heartily
indorses the proposition to secure an appropriation from the State
Legislature that will cover the annual expense of $25,coo to secure
a topographical map of the State, the general government consent-
ing to cooperate with the State to the extent of superintending the
work, and appropriating a like amount annually.

December 19, 1892. President Harkness in the chair.

Additions to museum were reported from Herbert Kellogg,
Walter H. Levy, W: E. Steadman, Baron Beeselager, Walter FE.
Bryant, G. E. Colwell.

Eighty-three additions to the library were reported.

The Nominating Committee presented a report embodying a
ticket to be voted at the annual election.

January 3, 1893. Annual meeting. President Harkness in the
chair.
Additions to the museum were reported from Ed Garner, P. F.
Rountree, Dr. Julius Rosenstirn, Wm. F. Nolte, Charles Allison.
The annual reports of the officers and curators were read and
ordered filed.
_ The report of the officers of election was read and the following
were declared elected for the ensuing term:
President—H. W. Harkness. __
First Vice President—H. H. Behr.
Second Vice President—J. G. Cooper.
Corresponding Secretary—T. S. Brandegee.
Recording Secretary—J. R. Scupham. |
Treasurer—L. H. Foote.
Librarian—Carlos Troyer.
Director of Museum—J. Z. Davis.
Trustees—W. C. Burnett, C. F. Crocker, D.. E.. Hayes, E. J-
- Molera, George C. Perkins, Adolph.Sutro, John Taylor.

VoL. 111.] Miscellany. 373

January 16, 1893. President Harkness in the chair.

Additions to the museum were reported from Charles Allison, W..
G. Blunt, Chase’ Littlejohn, Charles’ Fuchs.

Mr. W. L. Watts read a paper on the Geological Economics of
the Central Valley of California.

CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL CLUB. November 23, 1892. Mr. J. M.
Hutchings in the chair.

The following were elected to membership: Samuel H. Hammond,
Sidney S. Peixotto, Mrs. A. E. Bush, L. C. Cummins, Miss Mary |
C. Day, Prof. John Dickinson.

- Dr. Gustav Eisen read a paper on the figs of Sonora and Lower.
California. F

CALIFORNIA ZooLocicaL Cius. December ro, 1892. Vice Pres-
ident Walter E. Bryant in the chair.

The following were elected to membership: Wm. F. Greany, Dr.
H.N. Miner, Fred A. Seavey, W. P. Steinbeck, Aurelius Todd,
Prof. C. H. Tyler Townsend, F. S. Plimptom, Dr. Clark, J. Burnham,
Overend G. Rose, Mrs. E. S. Alexander.

Mr. Walter E. Bryant read a paper on the zodlogy of Baja Cali-
fornia. :

Mr. Charles A. Keeler called attention to some of the peculiarities
of the fauna of Lower California as illustrating certain laws of evolu-

tion.

MISCELLANY.

THE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COLLECTIONS OF THE EXPEDITION
TO BAJA CALIFORNIA.

The California Academy of Sciences of San Francisco has at vari-
ous times, during the last five or six years, sent small expeditions
to the peninsula of Baja California, for the purpose of exploring and
collecting natural history specimens of the higher as well as of the
lower classes. Various parts of that hitherto little-known country
have been visited during the different expeditions, and much material
has been brought together for future study. The result has been that
the fauna of Baja California is becoming better known, presenting
many features of great interest. The flora of this country has been
already minutely described by T. S. Brandegee, who has added a

374 o> Miscellany. [ZOE

large number of species and several new genera to those already
known, enabling us now to judge with great certainty as regards the
geographical distribution of the plants and their connection and ‘de-
scent from neighboring geographical plant districts. | New species
will of course after this be added to those already described and
enumerated, but they will be comparatively few, and the flora of Baja
California can now besaid to be very completely and comprehensibly
known, Of birds and mammals the collections brought home are
large and good, and descriptions of some thirteen new rodents will
soon be published by W. E. Bryant. They are mostly the results
of his trapping during last year’s expedition to the Cape region,
or the southern extremity of the peninsula, remarkable for’ its high
motntains, beautiful and luxuriant vegetation, tropical climate and
isolated position.

«The fresh water fishes collected there are in the hands: of Prof.
Gilbert, of the Stanford University. The collection of reptiles and
batrachians is good and when described will undoubtedly contain
much of general interest. A large collection of arachnids from the
_ Cape region, collected during the late expedition, is now in the care
of Prof. George Marx, of Washington, the acknowledged authority
on American spiders. He designates the collection as valuable and
interesting. His paper will be well illustrated. A collection of
Colembolas and Thysanuras is being worked up by Prof. Harold
Schott, a well-known European specialist, who has already described
anumber of new Colembolas from Upper California, and who has since
received a number of new forms both from Upper and Baja California, all
of which are to be embodied in one general paper,on the Colembolas
and Thysanuras of the Pacific Coast. Dr. Otto Stoll, of Zurich,
whose beautiful work on acarides in the Biologia Centralo Americana
is generally admired, will describe a small collection of acarides, prin-
cipally from the Cape region. The collection of diptera from Baja
California is not large, but it may be counted upon to contain much
of interest. It will be described by C. H. Tyler Townsend, a well-
known specialist of this class of insects. —

The collection of orthoptera has been forwarded to Lawrence
Bruner, and a valuable paper from his hand is expected, though his
_ preliminary opinion on the collection has not yet reached us. The
coleoptera were well represented with some 500 species, principally

VOL, 111. | : Miscellany. 375

from the Cape region. They are now in the hands of Dr. Horn, of
Philadelphia, who will describe the new forms at an early date.
The land shells, some twenty-two species collected during the late
expedition to the Cape region, contain some eight or ten new spe-
cies, descriptions of which will soon be published by Dr. J. G.
Cooper, who has already written upon the subject of Baja California
land mollusks. The land and fresh water oligochzta contain anum-
ber of new forms, which are being described by Dr. Gustav Eisen,
in connection with other Pacific Coast oligocheta. The species
found in the Cape region are entirely tropical, and show most rela-
tionship with tropical Mexico and Central America.
The fresh water crustaceans, of which many remarkable forms were
collected in the clear waters of San Jose River, will be described by
Walter Faxon, of Cambridge. G. E.

NOTES ON THE CLIFF DWELLERS.

In Southwestern Colorado and in Arizona there have recently
- been extensive explorations of the ruins of a people now extinct, but
probably related to the Pueblo Indians at present living in Arizona.
The relics found in their houses indicate that they were an agricul-
tural people, and to strengthen this belief remains of ancient reser-
voirs and aqueducts exist on the mesas above. There, too, are
ruins of houses and towers which were probably occupied betore de-
fense became necessary and the people fled to the cliffs. The mesa
ruins have usually become mounds overgrown with vegetation, but
the cliff houses, from their sheltered position, are in a good state of
preservation. .

It may be interesting to record the uses they made ofsome of the
plants of the region as well as the plants which they cultivated that
grow there no more. | ae

Corn, squash, and beans were the chief crops; the walnuts now
and then discovered were probably brought from further south with
the cotton which has been found on the pod, spun into thread, and
woven into cloth. Undoubtedly, they had commerce with their own
people further south, or with other tribes, for seashells have been
found matted in the hair of the dead, salt most carefully preserved in
balls, and for their arrow points, stones not found near by.

The most valuable textile plant was Yucca baccata, the fruit of

376 (Miscellany, [208

which most likely served as food. The Utes at the present time
dry large quantities cut into strips for winter use. The Yucca fiber
was separated into threads, which were twisted into strands varying
in thickness according to the purpose for which they were designed.
The best sandals were made of the fine thread, woven so as to be
ornamented with geometrical designs; for the commoner sandals
they used coarser twine, while the coarsest ones are of” braided
rushes. They depended for warmth upon a fabric made of turkey
feathers ingeniously woven with Yucca twine. The long feathers
were split and twisted around the Yucca thread, which was then
loosely woven into a blanket of feathers soft and warm. The dead
are often found with this for the first covering. The skins of deer
were used, too, but rarely, probably because of the difficulty of se-
curing them with their poor weapons. They either raised turkeys
or the wild ones were abundant, since implements such as awls and
needles were made of the bones, and turkey bones blackened with
fire are common.

The common rush Phragmites communis was used to make a
coarse matting, not unlike that which is packed around tea-chests,
but woven in different designs. This was used as a second covering
for the dead. Willow twigs fastened together something like the
slats of Venetian blinds formed the outside cover, the coffin of these
prehistoric people. The Yucca fiber, in connection with the common
Juncus, was used in making baskets finer than any made by Indians
of the present day.

The pitions and cedars are thick on the mesas of this country, and
the former furnished an edible nut which the cliff dwellers collected
for food. The timbers for their houses were chiefly cedar, as shown
by the beams that still form the floors of the upper rooms and the
supports of balconies. These beams are curious, pointed at the ends
and very jagged from the stone axes used to roughly hack them
into shape. Coarse grass with stiff stems, Oryzopsis cuspidata, was
tied into bundles to make brushes, probably for the hair. The wild
tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata is common near their homes and in the
cafions where their houses stand like statues in their rocky
niches the wild fruits are more abundant than elsewhere, leading to
the belief that to some extent they were cultivated. A. E,

VOL. 111] Miscellany. 377

NOTES ON GAME LAWS, ETC.

Notwithstanding the rain and cold weather of this year Mr.W. O.
Emerson reports that Anna humming birds have commenced build-
ing in the eucalyptus trees near his house.

The earliest record of the nesting of this species near San Fran-
cisco was made by Mr. Ingersoll, who found a nest with two far ad-
vanced eggs on January 14; the winter was a more open one than
the present. . ae ee

By the first of March half a dozen or more resident species will
have commenced nest building, and the small boy will prepare a box
of bran to receive the ‘‘collection” which he makes annually, and
which is annually destroyed by mice or otherwise. Such pernicious
collecting should be discouraged by parents, and might profitably
receive some attention from the would-be makers of perfect game
laws for California.

Some radical changes are contemplated when the next legislative
‘‘tinkering of the game laws’’ takes place. Like most proposed
alterations of the kind there are some good and some injurious. To
provide an open season in California for elk, antelope, and mountain
sheep is to assist in their total extermination in this State; too many
are killed in defiance of the law as itis. The fault is not so much
with the law as with the lax enforcement and a deplorable lack of re-
spect for game laws by the public.

Elk are not rare in some places in Southwestern Oregon, and the
theory that persecution in that State has resulted in an immigration
of élk to California is extremely probable, but no one need suppose
that they are spared to any great extent after crossing the boundary
line. The law stops the marketing of elk, and in some instances de-
ters parties from hunting for them, but not always.. It is not many
months since a large expedition, thoroughly equipped, left San
Francisco for Northern California, and it was no secret that they

were prepared for illegal game.
Every little while some one comes forward with schemes of
birds, and fish, without a

restocking the State with mammals, c
thought of what the possible results may be from the introduction of
exotic species. There can be no question as to the desirability of at

some time introducing new game, but that time will be after the na-

®

378 News. [208

tive species are actually protected, and that time will never come
until better enforcement and a more wholesome public: respect for
game laws is secured. ES Be

' NEWS: . " .

Prof. W. R. Dudley, late of Cornell, has taken the chair of sys-
tematic botany at Stanford University. With such men as he and
Prof. Douglas H. Campbell in charge of the botanical work of
Stanford University, where botany is taught according to modern
methods, we may expect to have, in time, a body of resident botanists
whose entire stock of botanical knowledge is not confined to the pos-
ession of a limited terminology and a large capacity for discovering
ne w species that do not exist.

Miss Alice Eastwood, formerly of Denver, Colo., has succeeded
Mrs. Katharine Brandegee as curator of the Herbarium of the Cal-
ifornia Academy of Sciences, and as acting editor of Zor.

Mr. Oscar T. Baron has temporarily housed. his magnificent col -
lection of butterflies and humming birds in the California Academy
of Science building, where he spends much of his time arranging
_andstudying. He contemplates this fall an extended trip to Ecuador
and the central Andes for the purpose of collecting butterflies and
humming birds, his collections in these lines from South and Central
America and Mexico being among the richest known.

Mr. W. Otto Emerson, who has been studying art in Europe for
the past two years, has returned to his home in Haywards, Cal.

On the rst of February Mr. Charles A. Keeler sailed for New York
onthe ship Charmer. His latest contributi.n to science, entitled
_ “Evolution of the Colors of North American Land Birds,” forming
No. iii of the Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences,
has been received too late for review in this issue.

Nine new species of Ocnerodrifus have lately been described by
Dr. Gustav Eisen in the Proceedings of the California Academy \ of
Sciences (the memoir not yet published). Two of the species are
from the Cape region of Baja California, one from: Sonora, Mexico,
and the others from Guatemala. Dr. Eisen is now describing the
Pacific Coast Oligochzeta, and will be glad to receive specimens for
examination.

[Simple lists not indexed. |

MDP ON SinGtym «3.24 es eat

Achorutes armatus,....... ...-
WEAN: cui fa 02 aS ede

Adeltna Jecontel:3.i.3 +e. sh Ohes> an
Amnicola longinqua ... .-.. 65. -+se6.

Amphidora littoralis...... 6. .6 6. ..00,5:
migropilosa ....0..+scesses:
Amphioxus....
Anadenus cockerilli
Anepsius delicatulus..........+++ Bocas
Anisacanthus abditus........ Siar
Anodonta californiensis...
Anser albifrons gambeli .
Aphanotus brevicornus .

parallelus .: ..-..-
RGN GOH moieties Means oon eae:
Apiastrum angustifolium, .... ee
Apocrypha anthicoides ..........+.+--
dsychirioides ..... Seca biae?

Argonauta argo... ieee e ener ees

Ariolimax .. Fe SRS ALA eee ee

Artemisia tridentata .........-- eee ‘

Asida wgrota . 2. ic. ce eee eects tees c
angulata .......-+- ecole s o's
murigatula .... 062.055. ay Rin we
ObSOlEtE Lohse a ks ieee seas

Astragalus .... 2. --++%
amphioxys. ...-++ ++ -te9e

artipes: 56 eee ess aes

atratus, var. stenophyilus. ey

Recwirhia i. oes
var. péreurete.: 3

Bigelovii...-.. sity ae
calycosus .....+-++22 565

- Canadensis. .....-e-s eee
CATYOCAYPUS- ..+., eres eens
Chameeleuce ....0 ssse eee

diphysus .-6- 6.0055 seers

var. latus.. bias
Dodgianus.. ..... .-+++++>
eriocarpus -..-+ e+ ss eee:
filipes....+---+++ ++

ee reewe sere eee

grallator ....

eee eee
ence eee

cae tesnee se

©
LIISA:
i

Pace,
Astragalus Haydenianus .... ..++-+- 52
Vbapensis............-. . 290
iodanthus. 5.0). tiseees ets Se
Kentrophyta .......¢0+ 298
Missonriensis <.2. Veen ss 265 Ilo
mollissimus.....-:---.53) 54. 55
Mortoni. . cite yds Vos ye OG
Peabodianus,......... ... 295
platylropit 302-45 sy esieete pas 4
Pushin S05 Sa ee
SHOrHanits 5. osc oe se + 293
TORRE... 5S ees 296
Digheisie: Sc 202
Azolla Caroliniana......c.ee.es-s yee) 340
filiculoides ......---++ bag 5 ke Rae 340
Auklet, Cassin’s. ... -.- «. op eeeahe co Eee
Beeria maritiwa..:-. .--..,+.+ Votes 146
Balanoglossus. Hiowecs ieee
Balsamorhiza sagittata........ Saas 305
Bern Beri, .n05 cys oh, etneweeis ees ae
Bigelovia albida.... --.----- s-+1++++ 304
graveolens,......- s++sresee+ 303.
nauseosa ..... Sree yan aaes oN ae

Binneya notabilis.... actin ER
Blastinus brevicollis...... ...- . -++-+ 07
coronadensis ......--+- ss++ 207
dilatatus....-. i NGseitskes SOR
longulus .......- pasties as)
bg pubescens ....... .-.s0sces 107
CURPRR Vecsey eee ee Ie
SUICRIMS si keis 5 5's ~etavcer 107
Brant, Black Seb y + bevvw cea tunes ToL
Branta Canadensis... ..2...--12:25- +s 99
hutchinsii .... .-. 6 99
minima ARR CERO ns 5 4
occidentalis ....-... 100
nigricans. .-.... Leet eekiecunaas | aOR
Bulimulus artemisia...... besveswewece:s | Uh
Californicus ... +... see0-.--6 44
inscendens. ....++.----20---- IS

var. vs Aer reg ee ene |

pallidior.... Sex satie a a
DIE aie 1

380

i. OOCMIANE: 56S eae Pees eae es

Index.

PAGE

DUNE PNGN suns ieee ea 15
MUU MOR screeds cis cha: 15

BRRIUEe coos Selvin ss ee 16

VETETUS.. 2.2. eee eee eee eee 15

MBMNCNEL ec Sqn Pee seco es 16
Calittriché éepulta.i0. 00 2. 6. ,- 50
Calochortus luteus.... ...... ee Re
Be ARCOM cues on ees pages 354
Plummere ..........- mane ea |

splendens ...)......-- aga ae
Vennstas 56 cos) boii ews G82
purpurascens...... 353
CUUINNS os 6s BEF S

Carpophilus Siger <. \ neice, 0s Pease 234
Caulanthus crassicaulis..... ee emai r es 283
Ceutrioptera asperata ..... 6.0.65 cece ee 103
Cantunculus Mibimus 1. wee. aes oo. | GS
CepOhGs COMMER. 2. a ree oak aces en = 163
Cercocarpus ledifolius .. ...... 298
i CAREHOPUS CONCOIOR =o or uy's gee co’ 105
GCOMEUIREUS 607 seeks ke bes 105
Ceroplastes dnesil .5% 630. os Pierre 255
Certhia familiaris occidentalis.......... 117
Chen caerulescens .. 0.0... se. os trace ey
CC APRORU DITOR i645 65a oc: concent oe ee 96
RR thas os ot eens ee ee 97
inaele Diaschiit...° 6... chi icc ee 308
Cicindela gabbn /..: 2.665. 22s: ett nee
12 guttata...... Seu ch ah

BUENO 6 22s dee vc. oh 43 <0 AS.
_heemorrhagica......... pesca 49
WEG ks ania ey ie eo FO aD
sausnaters ooo! fecce BS) 48
DDUGUMEAS 14 fae Persie on ae

Pie Rts ic creeks ek 49

MMOIGEA Se eerie et 49
OMIICINGER:s so eas oo os 47 48

WiDEX Ss aia ae

Cistela Thevenetii............... - 253
Clangula hyemalis....0...... ..65 +... 363
CHE Dwellers... 2.5. ie Une i eae
Cnicus APVENSIS.. 26s cc cserese aa rae 50
Coelus glubosus.. .+...+- .+-seeese- - 104
Conibius: parallelus.. 0.0... 0+. ceeerese 107
Coniontis elliptica ........---.- oo eeee! 104
parviceys <ts5-20 \sivdseyes ss Oh
subpubescens, .... SS istrk 104

i sulcatus. .--..-2+++ eR Tere 107
Conus Californicus.,......--. EE 35
Cordia Sono-# Sen Re RE B Sahe lee es 347
Cormorant, Baird’s .......---- iy ee
Pee , alis aurea, var. occidentalis..... 53
Cratidus foscipilosa..< ..-2...23-<062-- 106
106

[ZOE
PAGE.
Oreeper, California 3/005. Sak, 117
Crepis occidentalis Pi hea es pehigc) sey 46
Crotalaria sagittalis ... . .2........53, 55
Cryptoglossa verrucosa .......... i 103
Cylindrella irregulare........ PE Ibe shat 16
newcombiana.: >... 4.1 5. a6
tay occ eip eho ae
Cymopterus corrugatus . .......,..-. 302
Ibapetisia .-.. 644 302
lOngipes oes cca OF
Cynzeus depressus.... ... race 107
Ryedalea i 2 icy eevee 95
embletia ei eee 93
unicolor, sah dew ele Peuie 93
Datura tieteloides /.) 053053 360 -
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus ... .. 232
Dendroica nigrescens....... age aay
townsendic sic coc see) TED,
Dendryphantes eneolus...., . ¢....... 332
Dochmius duodenalis... ........ 271
Drepanura Californica... ........ .. 69
3 gh rserenn Nebee gene ue Cer or nae 264
Echinocactus papyracanthus...., ewes OE
ot Slit epomi vie: 8 ig os 302
Whipplei..... Ae hatha «en SSO
Echinocystis marah .,. 2.600030... <. 50
Edrotes ventricosus. 3 oops ja Nise 102
Hleodes acnticanda is. 045.0. 3g 105
fetiorata sc ee yes 105
Sentilis og.) ee ee 105
gigantea ..... a epetar lie ty 105
grandicolhg: 9... o.css ee 105
iDELN IDEAL ale 105
MbiCONis Foc eee 105
WetiGornieicid se eke 105
MUBCCVIRIAS, 6 a i 105
PArVicb ia fo 8, on ay 105
quadricollis.........: Pe te ae
Emmenastus longulus .. ........ PRLS te8
cnmnc eer een
DICEUS ck oe ear ie ec ade
Encelia nutans ....... WR Re eS ores bec gy
STR ee ee 257
Enhydris lutris........ ras Ved ee oo 395
Entomobrya marginata ........... 6.2. 69
multifasciata........... 2. 69
Hivalis. saa aa et ie
Epicauta cinctipennis.................. 1m4
Ephedra Nevadensis. .. .. .......... 307
Epilob.um nivium.....,, Spies Uses 242
Epitragus pruinosus......... Pepe nie te
Equisetum arvense.... 9 sse2..5.... 50
Eriodendron acuminatum .. ...... .. 347
Eriogonum inflatum....0 22. 22. .sec.. 356

“pudiculata <0... +:

Index.

VOL. 11.]

PAGE.
Erythea..... RReES pee on : 366
Eulabis obscura ...... .... eae .. 105
PRIUERIeE piacere se 105
Wipes i 105
Eurymetopon convexicolle. ee I-2
PONAUUB 5 ois ce a To2
Eusattus reticulatus.... 9 ......... 104
Puralonen islande on SS eo 144
weed...... reat Sk a bya 146
Me eM Cie Gee 94
Fertilization, PETE lS eee eee ry 311
Parente 34uU
SONOS Saks ce Sees eee fire
jy ee ai a Wespuse's vate Haka Wares 362
Pee aloe a Peer te 363
Briers PuiCn! = Sire Ca 53
Galium Californicum ................. 50
Moedinile: Florida 0 cee. ee 909
iin pungeas..:... 0.003). oe. eae ya
Gleoporus ., AES Rn wee] ere et”
Gnathocerus cornutus ..... : 107
Goose, American, white-fronted ... 98
DHIG ey ee 97
GoCwing oo). -k -., 100
Canada... Gy ee 89
eran’ 5 ioe: 101
FAGICDIDS ss eee DD
Lesser Snow. ....... S|
Ross’ Snow .,...-.. 97
iors one White-cheeked ...... 100
Gordiodrilus .......... SE Albay Aces 365
Et Ae RES | Pere ae ane EOE Spe 49
Grouse. . . ee eels ewe eae 232
Giiacun Coulteri Ghee rt cae,
Guillemot California <....-.,.-.. 0.243 155
Harporhynchus curvirostris liek 243
Hedysarum boreale.. : iene
- Helianthella digSphdlla. meee Bye eee
PISO AMIDO NS i pogo ors ig eee: 88
Pieux aveolata ;, <i... 46: ab reee Cay ee
PAIDENUOH | oles. see ee ses 19, 20
Re WAIAROPINIS Ce oes cis ode se te 18
mura ee Sees By eke e cabs 7
SOEUR. rk bye oh Crees hens ee 19
Genie Sos sos Pie irk es aD
Met Oech esti gp ae,
WOVEN Corse ocean re 1h 30, 38
' Newberryana, ........:... Pte « 18

PWC uses osc ket a Oy
polygyrella......s.s.0--eee sree 46.
WONOINES cca coos: pe ak toe bee ID
ROWELL! screteda east en |

_ Stearnsiana . BR Spee ae eee

381

PaGE.

Helix vancouverensis, var. sportella....
Weateliie. (5 coc5/ Sins one cca

Veliicatas <5 6 vive cies ;

Vateslt. 2.0 .5si twins oe ele
Helopa bachet 5.0005. cass

sellatus.
sexStriatis. ic kG tot
Hololepta cacti
MERIC jo os etree
pervalide. 06S. gat
populnea ..
vicina. ive hed. ewe ueo ad
yiicateca ..25:. 4.4

Hosackia Purshiana ..
Btrigosa sis ce bce xcteed as
Hymenorus fusculus .........-. ie

inguiJinus. ...

macer i
Hypericum. Scotléri. (.. 00 3.
Indicative plants _.....-.. Vi eee
Tsomira Warie bile ook e555. Ga aes eae *
Isotoma palustris Pian © oe evan en
viridis.
Juniperus Yallionicns var. Dishes.
Kalaazar : ee ae
Layia see Ser var. AEA.
Leaf-miner........ Hp ak
Lepidium ee Seaside. ene
he ébéphytioes.. ek
Leucocrinum montanum. eiishiy oleae
Lewisia fediViV8 ics se Sa ake
Lilwa subulata......
Pimax agrestis <.- 50 vie ee eee
~* carmpestrin®.c. tre ec
hemph. Ili. ... 2.0. <2 4.3. ees
ar, pictus.......-:
Limnophysa humilis.. ...
Lipura inermis.... ...-..+ «. Lp epeey
Linosyris albicaulis .... ‘
5s a ee ee
Loligo stearnsii. . .

te weeenee

ee

a

SL wae eee oe vans ckseaees
Liurnda CiremAta cose 05s, coo bee chee ee .
Lupinus sulphureus .-..... i whape a ee
Lutra canadensis...... Veibeameees qlak
Lygodesmia spinosa...... .- Sig rang a

Malacothrix A cube denice pane a
Malvastrum coccineum...,-.+++ ++. ++
Mamillaria Notesteinii.....-.--. .++-.-

“Melampus olivaceus .. ---.++202 «++ +
_Merula migratoria propinqua.......

Mictogiia oe coast

GL Sa a

20
16

382.

Microschatia inzequalis. Ree ari eeaced Red
Mocking Bird. ..5..5520..0.00020%..6° 302

WABCLOUODORUS: ioc o he ne bee ee ane 95
Nemophila aurita . 5 lmtp bs rece ee
POIVINOTR Foo eee te Ne 50
Neritima Californicas, 5000.2 sows s 22
Caasiculie 5050505 2 es ae
Mitta ss osc. RRA OS Sete eRe
Nomenclature .. .... 166, 172, 253, 258, 339
Noserus plicatus:........... ager 103
PVUNEGAIS “DOKORUS oe oe ey oe 257

Nuthatch, Red-bellied........0.0 62.5. 117
Peavyctenis Carmntay Aon esas. te 88

enetodilis 3s. ares eee. a 365
Octopus punctatus Sg Oe GE 52
Cinatheramibicaulis,. 3.3.60, 40. eee 249
MEINE eo tr ese ae 248

CMMEORR SE creas es tas ee 250
enrcophylig. 05. exes Cease
SETOUOMUOIS . oes Fone ae: 250
PIQWAPOI cosas aves e908

WORUMOME Stcek oie ac 5/4 4s oO

SNM a = ees Se ves ee 248

scapoidea ...... Sea gep ee ae ee

: trichoOcalyx: <5. 35.643 peeeerie 249
KEsopliagostoma., a, vs seh 6 bos ek 299
~ Ommastrephes Ayresii ................ 52
palo ita) Speeig aaairmes nearly 1’

- Omus lecontei ...... .... Gate a 47
Onchidella carpenteri.. ....... ee 22
Onychotenthis fusiformis....... ....... 52
Opuntia rutila....... poe et eee gpa
OrcheSella rufescens..........°..:.... 69
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus............. 233
Orogenia linearifolia. ...... 3093
Orthocarpus attenuatus ........ 50

fancibarbatus 2.062030 go
Oryzopsis cuspidata

Scuspidata . -... 0.0... ses ee. 377
Oxytropisdeflexa ..........5.. na es
Lamberti reece si, ak

multiceps: 26.055 frees Pee it

Otter, North American. —........... 329
cca, LU en Rit aoe Wa ay ine sae

Palo blanco ..° 3. 23.% & aye 347
Papirius maculosus .. .... . ee 69
Paromalus consors. ....... Livny weas 339

Opuntia ...
Pedipes liratus

tgedseesesc... 338

Sy es ours é ieee ee

_ unisuleatus ....... ees = ae
Phacelia Douglasii ...... .... Sige 50
Phainopepla nitens ............. .. ee. S|

Phaleria rotundata. ...
Philacte canagica.. .
Phleeodes diabolicus

Index.

Sminthurus Eisenii.............-- en

PAGE.
Phragmites communis............ he ee 376
Phys antennae eos 20
diaphana ... Pah aie ons 20
MRS ee eens eee pies 20
Cann eee ates ook eee
hetérostropha:.-.,- 250 --..-- 20; Dek
WNBETONR es eae a ue 23
Pinus monophylla...... ape 307
Planorbis gracilentus,...... og 23
lieben es ee
Platydema oregonensis ....... ....... 108
Populus ‘Premotts, 455.505 snaees sane 234
Polyga‘'a‘acanthoclada. +........- 74:55. 284
Polygonum viviparum ...... bar ie 264
Polypordid: Manga...) 6c os canis ses gu
Poly porut 7:5 gs. 55: seers eee pares 95
hirsutus Se Latina ciel Dees 93
Poryphyra naiaidum . ........ 148
MEFOOCYSIE oko 5. ss cece 149
Primula Brodheadz..... ae rere 306
: var. minor ... 306
Proptiba. 200 soos ace ee
PORUCOPRIGIN fhe ve ee ye ees 257
Psoralea castorea ....... ventas 285
mephities 35045 crbes ale nea 285
Putin es yor ieee Sess ered 161
Puma. Pitas tas ies een ed 309
Pupa ‘calamitoee 2070 cays ee ee SE
ChORU Gla oo in ey 21
hemphilliic |. ite cannes Coe coe ee
Oreatiis. i ndhek se pe okie ek 2
OVE cre cree tee ene 2
Onvail; mountain 565-0 cess ne onc Ge at
Ranunculus Bloomeri..... .-- .-- ---- 49
Rhalditeteic.. ceks ve. Maes e ets Rees 271
Rhodes: californica ..- 2.045... 684, ar
FRUINIORN, 6c cee ive cessed 21
Ribes cereum AM vase yang ees oa: Soe
Robin, Western....... Ab cow sts tis, eee
Bomfocdia connate. icici. eo ee
. Saprinus czrulesoens ....... seine. 339
fimbriatus ....2.. 5 auras one 330
MADHICUN Si ei hea teas 8c BO

oregonensis ... ses) ese. vee 4 339
. SSOMICIOME Pooch i cewene . 339
Sarcophapa:: 45ers cscs xs es aa eS
Sciurus fossor ........ seers yas 118
Sclerostomwnn. 6.05 o 5s eee oe ae 3
Sequoia gigantea .....- - --+---ssese+ 132
Siphonaria equilirata.... ......... aos OE
lecanium........ heres ae

Sina: purpurea, (005 5508s oes eee Oe
Sitta canmdénsin: $600 0c see enee 117
69

Tricardia Watsoni.....-2--+++0--+57°:

VoL, U1. ]
PAGE.
Sminthurus luteus. .....--++ +++ fe Ste)
Niger: ut .2t. <3 <5: iawe'e 69
plicatus He Varese ea sieges 69
Sonora <0) oes ee pn eaeteee! Sa5 344
Sophorasericea... --.--+++-+++5+++ pick Se
Stanleya collina,... .....----+ s+: 284
viridiflora Secha yt oF 283
Stellaria littoralis . .----+-++ +++ 49
- Stenotrichus rufipes . ..------- s 106
Stibia ovipennis. ....-¢-.----++++-- +1 10?
Succinea oregonensis......- Vey nwbeee se 2
Tellima affinis.....----..- +--+ - 50
Terebra simplex. -- «++ +--+ seer 0707+ 352
‘Tetradymia glabrata. aces fey ees 305
Nuttallit | s..60. cess see: 305
Thrasher, Palmer’s.......+-+++> Pere 243
Bendire’s....----.0++-++- » 243
Tomocerus .. ---+++++-+> eeaean 69
Tornaria.....--- De 5 Uwe ee 195
‘Townsendiascapigera «+ +++ . 303
Trametes......0- esses eee ee Sgro 94
Tribalus californicus.+...------ sep B50
‘Tribalister marginellus.....--.---- 338
Tribolium ferrugineum..-.....----¢++:+ 107
3°07

Index.

PaGE,

Trichostema lauceolatum......+--+++++- RIL
Triorophus lavus...... 0 --+2 sree 102
Trivia solandri........0---+++++-+- +> 350
Tryonia clathrata.--...--+++++ sse5 ++ 23
é Sxigiid..5; ees ees ree 23
"Mb. kc ase ea eek tes RO Sema ee oe
Ulus crassus.......- ++ ee. y 106
latus sc i hse tenes ee ee 106

Ulex Europeus....-- 00 +++ +++ eee 49
Utah, names of localities .... .-+-++- 308
Veronicella olivacea ....---- pane 21
Viola Beckwithii.. © ..---+- ++ 285
Warbler, Black-throated Gray .---++++- 117
Townsend’s.... - F 117
Xanthonyx... ----+ ee See 14
Xenylla maritima . svapeet 69
Vico aa eo ie va eens eee Si eae
ligetalars iss. e cee ss 476
Zopherus induratus....++-+++eee500 000+ 133
Zauschneria Californica ..-. - PER rs 312
Zonites diegoensis... - - ++) -++- +77 21
Zonotrichiaalbicollis......-+++++ Pees ey
Zygadenus elegans Pere ae Teas. x |
paniculatus. ..-- i 307

inte and Metical Boos an Mia

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